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‘ a i j ^ e g a n y c o u n t y m e w s , w h i t e s v i l l e , n . y . ‘Better Off O n the Farm” A n Interview widi Secretary of Agriculture Dtvid F Houston by Edward B. Clark It slioiild and doubtless does go without saying that Davi^ Ibranklin Houston, secretary of agriculture, is interested deeply in the solution of the problem of how to keep the young men of the country on the farm. Mr. Houston, like many others who have given careful study to the situation, declares that the cry Should not be “Back to the farm,^^ but “Stay on the farm.’* The belief of all the government stu dents of agricultural conditions in the United States is that if the farming industry be made increasingly profitable and that if conditions of farm life be bettered the “Back to the farm” movement will take care of itself. In other words, the magnet will be on the farm and it will draw to itself the\ dwellers in the cities who are ambitious to better their condition. Secretary Houston was asked by your correspondent to give a message to those who are engaged in u, comprehensive plan to show the boys of their communities that it is advisable to stay on the farm instead of leaving it to go to the hurly-burly and uncertainty of city life. Mr. Houston spoke feelingly on the subject. He combined a statement of what is being done by the federal and state governments to give the farming life holding quali ties, with a message on the growing opportunities for young men to make a signal success of agricultural occupations. “It is not so much a problem of bringing young men back to the farm as it is one of so improving agricultural conditions and rural life as to make it clear to the young men that they will be better off in the long run by staying where they are than by going elsewhere. “The great problem confronting the nation is how to make agricul ture profitable and the rural life comfortable, attractive and healthful. “If we successfully attack that problem we shall be relieved of the necessity of talking so much about staying on the farm or of going back to the farm. All the efforts of land-grant colleges and of this department are directed to this end. The agencies are becoming consolidated in the extent and efficiency of machinery, and financial support has been forth coming from the states and the nation, which combined are spending at present $60,000,000 a year through the land-grant colleges and the state and federal departments of agriculture for the improvement of agricul tural and rural life. “The aim is to increase production through plant and animal breed ing, better cultural methods, eradication or control of plant and animal diseases which are costing hundreds of millions a year; to study newer problems in agriculture; to improve distribution, especially marketing, and to develop community co-operation and teamwork with a view to the better standardization and handling of products and a fuller knowledge of mar kets- and market conditions and the transportation of products—^in short, a better organization of rural life. ‘Tn the interest of the young people we are organizing a large number of agricultural clubs, canning clubs, poultry clubs, corn clubs, hog clubs, and so on. The work is being promoted by the demonstration force, now a co-operative machinery under the joint support of land-grant colleges and the federal department. “I n many counties throughout the country there are county agents whose duty it is to work with the farmers on the farms for the improve ment of agricultural conditions as they affect production and distribution. Under the Smith-Lever act the states and the nation together will be expending in seven years $9,000,000 yearly for this extension of agricul tural education. “It seems reasonably clear with the natural opportunities we have and with the improvements made by the farmers supplementing these agencies, that the opportunities for young men to make a success in farming will be increased gradually, and that now outside of the actual business of farming there is a loud call for leaders of all these enterprises in rural districts. “I see no reason why an aspiring country boy should not direct his attention to the opportunities presented in this great field of effort rather than to those of the other industrial offerings presented by city life.” Secretaiy Houston spoke strongly of three factors of the problem of how to keep young men on the farm. They are good rural schools, first- class country roads and a more attractive social life. Schools and a bright ening of the social life are wholly state and community problems. In the matter of the improvement of roads the federal government has a voice and power. The secretary has a heartfelt interest in the solution of the rural- school problem. He believes, as others believe with him, that the boy and girl in the country should have the same opportunities for education that are given to the boy and girl of the city. The lack of proper educational facilities in country districts, he believes, has sent many ambitious parents away from the farms to the cities in order to give their children the advan tages which the schools of the large centers afford. THE CITY OFFERS FEW ADVANTAGES Chicago Banker Gives Some Sound Advice to Young Men and Women. SHOWS ROHM. OPPORTUNHV Farmer Has Greater Possibility of Comfort in Old Age, With More Wholesome Pleasure and Real Cultivation. (By FREDERICK H. RAWSON, Presi d e n t U n ion T r u s t Co., Chicagro.) - V the young man is spe- I I cially trained by education and practice for some particu- lar kind of work to be found In the city, or has capital to be in vested in some legitimate enterprise, he will he better off in the country or small town. .Cities are all overcrowded. Jobs in «11 ordinal:? lines of industry are scarce because there are generally more job-hunters than jobs. W ith so much competition for work, labor is cheap and wages are low. It cos^s much more to live in the city thah in the country. If a man receives low wages he m u st find shel te r in low-class lodgings—crowded, dirty, gafretlike places in poor neigh borhoods where fresh air is at a pre mium and the constant noise madden ing. H e cannot buy good, nourishing food but m u st get along on w h at he «an afford to buy. Consequently his health suffers. He cannot afford to buy clothing of good quality, so he m u st w ear shoddy. He can save noth ing out of small earnings, so sickness br any other emergency need for funds Snds hiTn in serious circumstances. And to live as he m u st live is a con stan t invitation to sickness. City Pleasure False. There seems to be an impression in the country th a t life in the city Is one continual round of entertain ment and pleasure. All such so-called pleasure is expensive and all of it be comes quickly tiresome. There is the saloon, the low-class moving picture show and the dive, as forms of enter tainm ent not found in a majority of small towns. But in the city m*?n who cannot afford better things have a tendency to drift to these places and get acquainted with people and habits that wreck character. City entertain ment is false, artificial. I have been up in the Dakotas quite a hit. I have found th a t farm ers and small town people usually are better read than the average city person— better informed about worth-while things than I am. They get good newspapers and good magazines in the rural commuiuties. They can hear the world’s finest music on the pho nograph. Thej’ g e t as much dramatic entertainm ent as the m ajority of city people get, for in every village and town there is at least one moving pic ture show. They are always within a few hours of the city’s rush and bang, for the express train and electric in- terurban limited penetrate every cor ner of the nation. The Unwary Girl. And the young woman who wants to leave the old home town or the farm for the city? It is much harder for her to get along than for the young man. Wages for women in the indus tries are very low and jobs are scarce. Decent living conditions are beyond her reach unless she gets good pay. Pitfalls for the unwary or unfor^ tunate young woman are everywhere. Even if the girl must work as a do mestic back in the home town she gets as much pay likely as she can get without special training In the city. Living conditions are healthful, phys ically and morally, in the rural com munity. Recently I watched a large crowd of girl workers enter a factory. Nearly every one wore those high French heeled shoes. I venture not one had a bank savings account. Sup pose one of those girls gets sick, or the factory shuts down. W hat can she do? The whole nation will be vastly bet te r off when our young men and young women of the small towns^— inedude cities of ten thousand population in this description—decide to make th< most of opportunity at home. «BEA1 <rs aivd <§krub; TKoir C a re a n d Cultivatiioiv M ixed C a r n a tions T h a t Bloom th e F i r s t Sum m e r . START SEEDS IN HOTBED By L. M. BE N N IN G T O N . Flower seeds which will have to he started either in the house or in hot beds are as follows: One package mixed verbenas. One package salvia splendens. One-eighth ounce mixed pansies. One package mixed double petunias. One package heliotrope. One package mixed geraniums. One package hardy garden pinks, mixed. One package coleus. One package cohea scandens (clim b er), mixed. One package mixed carnations th a t bloom the first summer. One package begonia Vernon. One package mixed canna seed. These should be cut at on© end one- sixteenth of an inch and soaked in warm water 24 hours and sowed in February in the house. You will not fail to he extremely pleased with the result. This list, of course, may he short ened or increased according to the size of flower bed or garden, but these flowers I consider the best varieties for a really useful and handsome show ing. They can all he picked and used for decoration, and the more you pick the more you may, for picking the flowers does the plants good, and you and your friends will he benefited. SOME EASILY-MADE BEDS By EBEN E. REXFORD. Personally, I am not much of an adm irer of carpet or ribbon bedding or the “designs” which the enthusias tic am ateur gardener attempts, but is pretty sure to abandon later in the season, because he discovers that de signs work out unsatisfactorily in annuals. The fact is, carpet bedding plans are not only effective when such fo liage plants, as the coelus, archyran- thes, centurea, pyrethrum and alter- nanthera are used, because they can he kept within their proper limits by shearing and pruning, while the an nuals have too much sprawl to be tract able, and very few kinds give a sufii- cient mass of blooms to produce the desired color effect. We are likely to think that because a plant has yellow, red or blue flow ers, that it will prove effective wher ever these colors are desired, hut we lose sight of the fact th a t the flowers will be so few in number and so far apart th a t there is seldom any solid color effect such as is necessary in properly working out patterns. This being the case, only the sim pler designs should he attempted with annuals, and only such effects aimed at, as can be produced by contrast in which harmony plays an important Ribbon beds are easiest of all to make. Very pleasing ones can he made ‘with pink, pale-yellow and white Phlox Drummondi, planted in rows. If darker colors are preferred, the scarlet and crimson can be used, al ways combining them with white to give th e necessary co n trast and re eggs, lief. Do not use the soft, delicate colors with the stronger tones, as there is a lack of harm o n y between them . Asters can be planted in rows of white and lavender, with very pleas ing results, provided the sam e kind is used in each row. If we were to use the tall, branch ing variety in one row and dwarfs in another, the effect would be unsatis factory, though the tall-growing sorts could he used in three rows, one each of the colors named, w ith th e dwarfs as an edging or border, with very good results. Ribbon beds would become monot- .onously tiresom e if we were to con fine ourselves to them, therefore it is advisable to have something else for a change. Next to them the circular bed is easiest to make. I would not advise too many colors. Have the center of one color—say lavender, if asters are used, then a row of pale pink with white in the outside row. This arrangem ent of colors can he varied to suit individual taste. If sweet alyssum or white candytuft is used as an edging, the effect is height ened, as these plants bring a mass of foliage and bloom down to the ground, and hide the tall stalks of the asters. A very brilliant combination is made by filling the center of a circular bed with calliopsis, and the softer shade of the same color in the phlox is charming. If another color seems advisable, use pink phlox. This harm o n izes beautifully with the stronger tones of the calliopsis. The center of a circular bed can be filled with scarlet salvia, with nas turtiums as a border. The contrast between the fiery scarlet and the rich tones of yellbw and oranfee and sul phur found in the latter plant, is ex ceedingly lovely, while the pea-green foliage of the nasturtium affords just the right amount of that color to bring into strong relief the blossoms of both plants. Such a bed anyone can make with very little trouble. Look to it that the ditches and drains are in good order. Where Nature^ Left Little for the Landscape Gardener to Do. USING THE EGGPLANT VARIETY OF WAYS IN WHICH IT MAY BE SERVED. This Favorite Vegetable of Southern France Has Possibilities That Probably Are Not Sufficient ly Appreciated Here. The eggplant, well seasoned and carefully cooked, may give in many disguises many varieties to the menu Many of the recipes given below arb from southern Prance, where the egg plant is the favorite vegetable. When choosing an eggplant select one of medium size and firm, otherwise it may be too ripe and full of grains in side. However g reat the virtues of the eggplant may be, remember that by itself It is quite tasteless; so season and season well. ' E g g p lant Salad.^ —Put in the oven one eggplant, five green peppers and two tomatoes. You will bake the to matoes first, then the peppers, and the eggplant last. Gradually skin, grain and drain off the above vegetables. Use a silver knife. Arrange in a dish. On a moderate fire in a half cupful of olive oil fry a small onion cut into small pieces and half a cupful of ol ives stoned and cut into pieces. When the onion is slightly brown add every thing to the dish. Salt and pepper to taste and add two tablespoonfuls of good wine vinegar. To be eaten cold. Broiled Eggplant.—Cut the eggplant in two lengthwise. Put in a m arinate composed of two tablespoonfuls of ol ive oil, one teaspoonful of salt, one-half teaspoonful of pepper and some pars ley. Leave it to m arinate for an hour or more. Broil and serve with the m arinate. For Fritters.—Soak the pieces two hours in-m ilk; dry and fry, using the following recipe for f r i tt e r batter: One cupful of flour, two teaspoonfuls of baking powder, one-fourth teaspoonfui salt, one-fourth cupful of milk, two one tablespoonful lemon juice. Sift the dry ingredients; add the well- beaten eggs, lemon juice and milk. Beat well. Prepare a few hours ahead. Stuffed Eggplant.—Cut the eggplant lengthwise. Make incisions with a knife, salt and let stand for an hour. Drain off the w ater; cut the pulp and fry It for a few minutes in oil. Pound well; add four tablespoonfuls of pound ed ham, a teaspoonful of parsley, salt and pepper. Sprinkle with crumbs, to which may be add^d some parmesan. Put ovi^ it a little oil and bake in an oiled for an hour. Of course you may use butter instead of oil, but the olive oil blends itself better with the eggplant. If Instead of ham you use hashed mu ton, cooked rice and a bit Of garlic and pimento you may call this dish “eggplant a la Tureque.” Eggplant and Tomatoes.—-Peel the eggplant; cut lengthwise ih pieces one- half inch thick. Salt, let stand and dry. Put in a pan; cover with a well- seasoned tomato sauce. Cover the pan and cook on a moderate fire for an Oatmeal Cookies. One cupful sugar, two-thirds cupful lard, two eggs, one-fourth cupful wa ter, one teaspoonful soda, one tea spoonful cinnamon, one cupful chopped raisins, two cupfuls uncooked rolled oats, one and a half cupfuls flour, one-half cupful chopped walnuts, if liked. Drop with spoon on greased pans, bake slowly. I do not use nut meats, as they are good without. Toast Water. Take thin slices of stale bread and dry thoroughly in a slow oven until crisp and brown. Break into pieces and to a m easure of bread add equal measure of boiling water; let stand one hour; strain through a cheese cloth; season with salt and serve hot or cold. To be used In extreme cases of nausea. Worth Knowing. Hashes and minces are much im proved if the meat be soaked in the gravy or sauce some time before be ing reheated. Drinks for the Sick. Apple water, barley water, clam water, rice water, toast water, lem onade, flaxseed lemonade (for throat and lung trouble). For Rusty Range. Use sandpaper to remove spots of rust from your gas or coal range. Clam Water. Wash thoroughly one quart clams in shells. Cover the bottom of a two- quart stewpan with cold water. Put in the clams, cover and heat gradual ly until the shells open. Strain the liquor obtained through a fine cloth. The stomach will often retain clam water, given by the half-teaspoonful when other foods fail. When Ironing Calicos. Dark calicoes should be ironed on the wrong side with irons that are not FOR THOSE FOND OF HONEY Missouri College of Agriculture Has Published Some Recipes That Will Be Found Useful. Brown Bread. —^One-half cupful of honey, one and a half cupfuls of sour mill, or buttermilk, three cupfuls of graham flour, one teaspoonful of soda. Nuts and raisins may be added if de sired. Soft Gingerbread. —Half a cupful of sugar, one cupful of extracted honey (or sorghum), half a cupful of butter, one teaspoonfui each of cloves, ginger and cinnamon, two teaspoon fuls of soda dissolved In one cupful of boiling water, two and a half cupfuls of flour. Add two well-beaten eggs the last thing before baking. Honey Muffins.—One pint of flour, two teaspoonfuls of baking powder, one-half teaspoonfui of salt, sifted four times; yolks of two eggs beaten light ly, one and a fourth cupfuls of cream. Beat thoroughly, then fold in lighuy in the beaten whites of two eggs and two tablespoonfuls of extracted honey. Bake in muffin pans and serve while ho t WDRTH KEEPING IN MIND Housekeeping Hints That It Would Be Well to Preserve for Future Reference. If the clock in a sick room annoys the person place a glass shade over i t W ater potatoes have been boiled in . is excellent for cibaning stains from silver knives and forks. If washing greasy dishes, use a lit tle ammonia in the w a ter and you will save soap and your hands. W hen washing cut glass add a lit tle borax to the suds and rinse in clear water with few drops of bluing added, if you wish glass to sparkle like new. Patent leather shoes are success fully cleaned by removing all dirt, then wiping them with a soft cloth dipped in milk, polish them with a dry cloth. The milk is valuable in preserving and softening the leather. Apples pared, cored and set into a dish with sugar and water, to bake till tender, but not broken, are de licious served with custa,rd poured over them. One pint milk, one ounce yeast, one- half pound flour, one teaspoonfui sug ar; rub the flour through a sieve, cream the yeast and sugar together and add lukewarm milk; strain this mixture into the flour and beat well Cover the basin with paper and set in warm place (on the fender) to rise for one hour. In another basin put 1% pounds of flour, one-quarter pound butter, two ounces candied peel, two eggs, one-quarter pound sultanas or currants, one-quarter pound sugar. When the sponge in the first basin has risen, beat in all the dry ingredi ents from the second basin with two eggs. Thoroughly mix and beat them for about five minutes. Set this sponge to rise again for about 1% hours. Then shape the mixture into buns and bake on a greased tin for one-half hour. When cooked and while still hot brush them over with a little milk and sugar to glaze them. Fine-Grained Cake. Have mixing bowl warm and the chill taken off the milk. Use finest grade granulated sugar. Use measuring cup and follow directions carefully. One- third cupful butter, three-fouths cup ful sugar, two eggs, one-half cupful milk, one and one-half cupfuls bread flour sifted before measuring; return to sifter and add two teaspoonfuls cream tartar and one of soda. One teaspoonfui lemon extract. Soften but ter, add sugar and stir ju s t enough to blend, add well-beaten eggs, and neat until light colored. Stir in milk, then sift in prepared flour and beat a t least five minutes to make fine grained. Add flavoring, bake in a slow oven. Barley Water. Wash one and a half tablespoonfula barley, cover with cold w a ter and soak over night; in the morning add water to one pint, boil until tender and the liquid reduced to one cupful. Strain, season with salt, adding a lit tle milk or cream if desired. Rice wa ter is prepared as barley water, only shorter cooking. Ironing Calicoes. Dark calicoes should be ironed on, the wrong side with irons that are not too hot. Baked Sweet Potatoes With Cream. Steam four large sweet potatoes for ten minutes; take out and peel. ~slice lengthwise half an inch thick; put into baking pan, spread each slice with but ter, sprinkle powdered sugar over them, pinch of salt, pour over half a cupful of cream. Set in oven to h e at through. Cooking HInL To prevent citron, raisins or c«i> rants from sinking to the bottom of your cake have them well warmed be fore adding them to the batter. ALASKA'S FLOATING COURT. “There la a federal judge out in Alaska who has jurisdiction over a larger territory than the whole of Europe and a large part of the United States,” r e marked Dr. George A. Hite of Portland, Ore., a t the Shoreham, according to the Washington Post. “Indeed, he exercises judicial sway over approximately a fifth of the circumference of the earth. He is Frederic Brown, United States district judge for the Third Alaska district, with headquarters at Valdez. His district embraces a 5,000-mile strip east and west and his jurisdiction extends as far west as the one hundred and eightieth meridian, or nearly to Japanese waters. Of course, he does not hold court at either extreme, but during the summer months he comes close to it, for he sits on board the revenue cutter .McCulloch, which Is a sort of floating court all along the Alaskan coast and among the Aleutian islands. His work necessarily is varied, for many prob- t
