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RUSSELL, Publisher TERMS, $1.50 A YEAR. x. COOPERSTOWN, N. Y., SATURDAY, JANUARY 15, 1887. NO. 1, Farm 3013155. Farm Notes, Balt will absorb odors. R .~ Don't get frightened because your horsey Warming the: drinking water for mllch pays in winter. 'In well regulated stables there is & place everything, and everything is in its 205 The frost will pulverize the clods. ~ If should the ground thaw' during winter, plow it and leave the furrows There is annually a large amount of buiter made in the churn, owing to of skill, care and proper temperature churning. 'The best way to induce the hensdo lay this season is to provide them with warm and feed ment three or four times week. \ Itis not the largest hog that pays, but one that makes the largest quantity of in the shortest time and on the small- of food. coll Whether prices be up or down, prime sheep are always salable, and at prices. | The markets are never sup- with choice mutton. Turkeys and guineas should not be al- to roost in the tree-tops, or the re- will be coup, which is contagious, all fowls of the barnyard being subject to it. It is not too soon to make:the frames for the hotbeds and get everything ready. Bave the manure for that purpose, which be free from coarse litter. . A good. way to keep cellars and rooms from mildew is to close them tight and burn sulplur in them, not open- the windows and doors for an hour or two. ' Rye may be pastured whenever the weath- er permits, but care should be taken not to on the. stock at n time when the is soft or so ns to trample the field much. There is nothing better for the manure than soopsuds, | It prevents fire-fang- ing, arrests the escape of volatile matter hastens chemical changes and decom- Tho fall colts may be given all the ground they cain eat. . As the mares will have little labor to perform at this serson will be no necessity for weaning the colts before spring. An excellent mode of utilizing any spare time of winter is to clean up and burn all grass and weeds. Trimming the and vines may be done any time be- now and spring. It is not best to utilize trees as supports grape vines. Not oply does the vine shade the trees, but It becomes to gather the grapes, while prun- is almost impossible. This winter will be doubly severe on r young horses unless you have them t-class condition when they go into quarters. . Good care from now on will be well repaid before spring. A musty cellar i death to milk or cream, it seefus impossible to pound it into the of some people. - More butter is ru- by bad cellars ond caves than from other cause on the farm. Stock, as s rule, are naturally clean and will not He down to rest in a manure pile if more cleanfly and comfortable quarters provided, and we all know that clean liness is conducive to health. Breeding-animals should not be kept too fat, and those that are intended for breeding purposes should not be fed with those be- Ing fatted for market. If the females be tog fat the young will be weak and puny. Beef may be smoked or corned at this with but little difficulty, and the who raises a steer for his own use will be provided with a- better quality of meat than if he depended up- on the pork barrel. .. Tt has been ascertained by a series of ex- peflmentnhnt rye and winter wheat ger at 82° of heat; barley, cats, flax, and the pes at 85° ; Indian corn at and beans at 40° . The nearer the freezing point the cellar can be maintained without actually en- the- stored fruit the better for apples: Hestand light do moredamnge Alternate freezing and thawing Rabi-flingthswlflbem in butter, a ocffespondent of the Farm and Garden smmmflywebemmeecnfinmdm Icfingtfis cream rise antl the milk the butter will be lisputoftbeaam 6d possesscs great $ «ze. Sach & bore can be used of gratification to any farmer to Farm Pnp‘en. Prepared expressly for the Orezao Famaen, THE LARGE VERSUS THE SMALL POULTRY RAISER, This is the age of competition and con- solidation, 'The small breeder or farmer cannot compete with the large breeder with extensive houses and incubator buildings, 'and there is more arnd more of these large breeders being added to the ranks every year. They can producé broilers ready for ducer begins to think about. setting hens, and consequently obtain fancy prices for them, but the market for early broilers can never be oversfocked. Any one can casily produce chickens ready for market in May: or June, when they usually. bring a good price,-any-from-twenty to thirty-conts per pound. Even the farmer or small breeder, if he has the Asintic breeds and a warm house, can set hens \in March and produce them ready for market in Mey, with-a lit- tle extra care, and When it comes to the production of eggs, the small producer has if anything, an advantage ever his moriop- ollstic brethren, for with his smaller flocks he is enabled to give thein better care and reallze a much larger profit on the capital invested. SMALL FRUITS FOR THE FAMILY, As we ride about the country we are for- cibly struck with the absence of small fruits in the family garden, This abscuce is greater, we notice, mong farmers than among village residents who have land to work. The reason is just this, they have learned their value, while the furmer has not, ~Of course many farmers have an abundance, and we are glad to say that the number of such farmers is increasing each year, but to the majority the main depend- ence for small fruits are the wild patches in the vicinity to them. 'The large, lus cious garden simmwberries and raspberries ate an unkpown luxury, when with a little trouble and pains they might have an abandance, To many it seems a small by- giness and not worth puttering with, but to me it does not, and it will not@#eem so to them when they get wedded into this new order of things. Would it not be a have a nice dish of frosh truit for tea, if he wished it, every day in the year from June to November, and this is no impossi- bility if he will follow our advice. Next spring, say in April, order of your local gardener, or any relisble fruit dealer whom you know, one hundred strawberry planks one dozen currant bushes and about the same number each of black and red raspberries, and. two or three grape vines. If you cannot select the varieties, leave that to the and he will do it wisely for you. 'The cost of the whole lot will probably be two or three dollars When you receive the plants, set them at once, or trench them in a cool place. Now for your ground. Don't set them around, one in a place, but select a nice rich piece of ground in a sheltered location if possible; work it up nice and mellow and 'set the strawbher- ries in rows three feet apart and two feet apart in the rows. Bet the raspberries and currants in rows five feet mpart and four feet apart in the rows. If you wish to cultivate by hand you can put them closer, but we would not advise you to do so. Set them out carefully, spreading the roots out well, and don't set them too deep or too shallow, but just right, and firm the soil down on to them, cultivate well through the season, don't leta weed grow, take an Interest in it and watch their growth. At the end of the second season report tous through the columns of the Fanxcznr, and we guess you will begin to think that it pays to have small fruits for the family. RACKS OF mEEs, This to many may seem a queer heading for an article, for it is only within a few years that the different races of bees have been brought prominently before public notice; but now they are as much a sub ject of discussion and breeding as many kinds of live stock, and thousands of queens of the different varieties are aunu- ally shipped, both by mail and express, all over the country. The common black or German bees have always heen the most common in this country, until about twenty-five years ago the Italians were introduced, and Inter the Cyreans, Holy Land and Carniolan, as you will notice from their names are of the new races, comme from near the Medit- ertanean. The Raliansoresomewhatlarger } than the common bees and have three dis tinct yellow bands around the abdoman; they are more gentle thin the cammon bees, greater honey producers, fiying in cold afd rainy weather, they also gather honey from the stnall red clover. | The oth- erraces much resemble the ItaFan in size and calor, but differ from them in char- acteristics, 'The Gyreans and Holy Lands are said to be more yindicative, but are great boney gatherers, and the queers are very productive. The Camniolans bave. been fast Introduced, ard ate claltied to be very gentle, | Ary dze wel up In bes ciitare cannot go far astray by trying one of the new races of bees; whatif they do mmap with the commin beek, even a thik. tare Is better (han stock. H AE market in February, before thd small pro- | 'Notes of Travel 'in Florida, Paper No. 47. Written expressly for Taz Orézco sr in Baken While at Umatilla we attended church and Sabbath school. It was the early part of March, and the church doors and win- dows were open, the same as we here, north, would have them in July. In our state at the same hours the thermometer stood below zero. The congregation, all white, would in _ We here saw the oldest orange trees we had thyis far seen, of which wehad learned the age, 'We saw many here over thirty years old, The- soil about Ocala is quite dark color,. and said to be right for orange production without fertilizers. Ocala is evidently surrounded by a pros- perous country, We saw here the finest horses and equipments we noticed in the state. 'The town has several hotels and stores. Some of the most flourishing, {and for ought we know all of them) are 'dress and appearance bave dorle honor to: any ofour northern houses of worship,. 'The Babbath school scholars showed as much advancement inevery way, as would those of like age in our New York State villages. The schoolmaster and music teacher long since found his way to this state, The suporintendent of the Sabbath school was the track superintendent of the Astora and Lake Eustus Raltroad, snd was a native of Georgia add had but re- cently moved into Florida. Ourself and Mr. Whitcomb were invited home with him to dinner, an invitation we gladly accepted. His family consisted of wife and five daughters, as fine looking, as intell- igent,. and fine appearing a family girls, ranging from six to cighteen years of age, as one will often meet in any country. The family kept cows, and had plenty of milk and good butter of their own [make and production. This pointmust be fully two hundrédmiles south of the north line of the state. We here, as in all other favorable op- portunities, talked freely upon those matters of political economy nehrest to the interest of all the southern states. That of the slavery question, and the effects of their eifancipation upon the interest of both races. As we have before often stated, we found no southerners who wished the institution restored. All, too, expressed a desire for the education and improvement, both social and moral, of the emancipated race. We failed to state that yesterday, we, in company with a party, tried our luck in fishing upon the like, nearthe Whitcomb residence. Our luck was poor. The Florids fish no doubt had learned the story of our boyhoed theft of a fishhook, and utterly refused to bite. But on the Monday morning following, the fish of fine size Iny basking in the sunshine in great abundance, inviting and tempting our use of the gun, instead of the fish- hook. 'The Whitcombs have a number of hives of bees, and informed us that they do well here. They sw&em in March and again in June, the first swarm also usually swarming the same year. The bees were now working apparently as busy as they would be in midsummer with us north. We purchased of the Whitcombs a bar- rel of sweet potatoes, ordering them ship- ped toward the latter part of the month, They arrived in Onconts in due time, in splendid condition, and the finest sweet potatoes we ever had. So too with oranges we had shipped from Deland. All pleas ant visits must haven end, and such was the case with ours here. Toward ten a. i. we bid adieu to the fumilies, and took the cars for Ocala, by way of lake Eustis. All the way we passed through an orange developing country. Occasionally a bear ing grove would be seen, but most were recently set. Villages, soon to be styled cites, were growing up like magle all slong our route. Arriving at the lake, we took the water route across it, a distance of eighteen or twenty miles. Here on the steamer we met a gentleman and his Indy, residents of a city in the valley of the Hudson, N. Y. Nothing in Florida suited them. 'They were disgusted with everything. They protested that they found nothing fit to eat, and no good beds for rest. They would hardly take the whole stateas a gift. They had also been to New Orleans, and everything was wrong there. They in short were perfectly disgusted with all the entire south, and if they lived to the age of Methuselah they would never go south, even the sunshine to them had not northern splendor. We give this as a sample often met. We had continually feasted and grown fat, and they, young, healthy and in the prime of life, saw nothing to edmire and found [nothing to enjoy. In Lake Eustis is an island garden, in which we saw as fine a lot of cabbages | as we ever set. eyes upon anywhere.. The beauty of seme of the lakes we passed to- |y day was marrelous, . Among those lakes was lake Weir, a shect of crystal water, some ten miles long and six wide, with a clean white sand beach on the side we passed, and evergreens ufion its opposite shore. This is said to be the most beauti- fol lake in Florids. | But that is simply a matter of tasté, as ftweald be fimpossible to choose correctly among so great a variety of besuties of the kind. Ferly in tha aftermcon we arrived st Ocala, the county seat of Marion County, This is an old, ard fite town, mavmflfimwaw .| junction with the Ocklawaha River. @ Don't Jerks hores to parish kim. & -_ a- in the hands of northerners. We called upon somt® of the old citizens while here, although our stay was short, In the late morning we took the cars for Silver Springs, and took a hasty view of the most famous among the many noted springs of Florida. This is the first state -| we ever gaw that furnished a full fledged river from a single spring. In this state that is done in several instances, This, and the one already partially described at Sprung Garden, Volusia County, are the only ones to which we paid a visit. How- ever,, we purchased the stereoscopic views of three others. Silver Springs puts farin the shade all other fountains of water we ever saw It is from sixty-five to seventy-five feet deep, and fully six hundred feet across. Its waters are, if possible, clearer than air, A river from one totwo hundred feet wide, and deep enough to float quite large steam- ers, runs from this famous fountain, which continues for eight or nine miles to its This river forms its junction with the St. Johns about twenty six miles south of Pilatks, or 101 miles from Jacksonville. Silver Springs is about 188 miles from Pilatks, and steamers run daily both ways between those places. Upon the arrival of our train from 003111 at Silver Springs, carly all the péssengers left the cars for the steamer, then lying at her wharf, ready to start on her downward trip with its numerous load of living oc- cupants. ' One can hardly believe that a single fountain could afford a stream suffi- cient to float daily such heavily laden vessels. From Silver Springs we went by rail to Waldo. - Upon our trip to Waldo we saw numerous orange groves. Among them the famous Harris grove of 185 acres, for the fruit of which such Jarge sums has often been paid. We also saw the grove of Bishop, Hoyt & Co., of 150 acres. These are splendid groves and by far eclipse all our previous observations. We were informed that 100,000 boxes of or- anges had alrerdy been. shipped from that station, and many more awaited shipment. From Waldo, after spending aboutsix hours, we took the cars for Gainsville, the county seat of Alachua county. During the day we bad seen many wild orange trees growing, and noticed, ns before, that they were all on hammock land. | We thus conclude that 'kind of land the natural orange soil. Gainsville is somewhat old place. It was very near the town that General Gains fought and won a memorable victory over the Seminole Indiansin the war of 1886 and 87 with that nation. Gen. Gains was the husband of-the late Myra Clark Gains, who has won notoriety for her persistent endeavors to obtain her property and es- tate in the city. and viciuity of New Or- leans, by suits in the U. 8. Courts, She recently died at New Orleans. A recent fire had laid low the most cen- tral part of the city, which was being rap- idly - rebuilt,' with - durable | structures of brick. A fine court house was being constructed of brick and artificial stone. 'The mild southern climate is favorable to the using of cement formed stone, artifi- cially matle, instead of the real cut stone, and they are fully as ornamental and of much less cost. This city seems to be surrounded with a very good quality of land, and was said to be successful in gardening, as well as orange raising for the northern markets. Its railroad facilities are very favorable for shipment it being quite a R. R. center. The Savannah, Florida and Western; the Florida Transit and Peninsular; and the Florida Southern - Railroads, all pass through this place, giving {t facilities for communication not common infnland local- ities. 'The great topic of conversation which overshadows all others everywhere here in Florida, is the orange bootn. It has been truly wouderfal. Lands which a few yeirs ago were open to preemption by actual settlers, or in the market for one dollar anda quarterperacre, sre fiow, near all railroads, or waterways, fromiten to seventy-five dollars per sere, according to their quality and locality. Cities are springing up. Northern capital is belug invested and used. Oranges, mmmvfiuunfiybufitmngmot some twenty- [* our years, evident - unmistakable age MMmflthekwafibgvmgpo-m seems to fill aH minds. It is hardly possible for a Bram ice man to avoid belug Influecchd by what he ecery where seesaround him. Thefever geems almost epidemic. It is ésntagions. Weafivmhg'm‘wbom They saw the results of the pas? and the possibilities of the future, and it convert« ed and mastered them. Florida is a great place for sainted names for its hotels. We at Gainsville stopped at one of the kind, That too, was kept .and we. may add. well kept, by a. Massachu- setts man. Itis singular how many, New England men keep- southern hotels, or act #s captains of «steamboats, and conductors on railroads, - ‘we’heurd‘tlxrulnrm—Uf—flre—Noficmg—lt‘ was not near-us we continued our sleep and rest. In' the morning we found that's train of cars and the depot had burned upon one of the railroads. We viewed the smoking ruins and wondered how so many cars and so much property had been allow- ed to burn. Certainly a part of the cars could by a little effort have been pushed or drawn out of the reach of these which ignited them 'We this morning started towards the north. We bad. consumed all the time in the state we could and returned to our home at the promised date. We were however, not satisfied with our trip. We wanted to visit and spend a few weeks in the southern portions of the state. We wanted\ to learn by dccular observation what progress was being made in eonvert- ing the everglades into arable land. We wanted to see the extreme south of penin- sule, and bask in the sunshine and sea breezes at Kéy West, in the «straits of Florida. But we bad not the time at our command and we this morning took the train for Baldwin, the place of junction of the Florida Southern with the Florida Navi- gation and railway company's road, a few xniles west of Jacksonville. Our return ' [trip took us over the same road we' came from Waldo, n distance of some thirty or forty miles. e had intended to return by way of the Savannah and Florida Western to its junction at Live Oak, but the passenger cars unfortunately made most of their trip in the night time, and we could not afford to thus lose our field of daylight obser- vation. Hence our change of route by the longer way to Baldwin. This change took us through Bradford and Clay counties which otherwise we would not have seen. The other route would have taken us through no new counties. Our journey had thus far been one of uncommon interest. Our efforts at ob- taining satisfactory Information of the South, and of its people, lind never been be- fore so complete. This trip of course could give us but a slight insight of the country and its people, but we had by our own cars and eyes learned so much we could have learned in ne other way, that we shall ever look upon the time and money thus spent, as satisfactory as any of like length during our whole life. We of course have put upon paper in these notes but a tithe of the things of in- terest we saw and heard. Nor can any words or characters convey any adequate idea of the impressions made upon our mind. Fortunately for us we were in perfect health, and wnderno outside or pre- conceived influence, and were thus able to view things as they appeared to us without prejudice or blas. From Waldo north we found thecrange industry to continue for many miles, but we were net favorably impressed with the appearance of the soil, or the prospects as compared with localities farther south. Here in this, as in all other states and in- dustriés, many failures will occur by trying the wrong business in places suited only to industries of another class. In a great many places north of Waldo we found the pine woods on fire and being burned over. Evidently done intentionally. In some places where the burning had been dene a week or two earlier, the green grass was already in sight. This annual burning seems necessary for the purposes of securing grazing for the stock which we observe increases as we come north. In fact we saw very little native stock feeding at large in Volusia, Orange, Marion, Alach- us or Sumpter counties. It was doubtless because our route did not bring us in their nesr proximity. ' 'While at Waldo we fell in company of & man and his son from a western sta%s, in search of an orange grove to purchase. We dined at the same table and spent several hours viewing groves in each other's com- pany. The father who was a man probably some over sixty years and as he assured ust of ample means, was desfrous of settling his son here so far from his friends and his native state, for the purposecof remov- fog him from the fnfinencé of his dissipet- ing associates at home, who had already as he said, \caused his son's rain ard render ed his mother nearly crazy.\ The son, a traces of years of dissipation. No wonder hgmmemehmgmflnnh se While in Gainsville, during the night, | of the father's anxiety, or the mother's( mental agony. Wisimbemmm'r- «=d Here at Waldo we met alawyer, who lived some forty miles south,'and who assured our orange grove hunting party that they would find it greatly to their benefit to ac-. company him to his home, as his locality exceeded by far all others in the state. Buch was the universally expressed opinion everywhere. Every citizen and particular- ly every real estate agent, was offering the- best bargains; and located in the best places in.all the south. Buch was particdlarly puzzling be the anxious, mud ided purchaser, If he was to believe them all, Florida was certainly 'porscssing all the advantages of the promis- ed land. But we assure our readers that many places in that state are not the places to locate, or attempt to live, Although the death rate of its citizens is less than in any other state in the Union, and many who go there stricken with disease are eon restored to health, it has many locali- ties which are to be avoided alike by the sick and the well. One thing told us by our Waldo lawyer we will relate. He said he wanted mucha cow for milk for his young child, and as it was not convenient to purchase one from the north, he bought of a native, a young heifer reared in his immediate vicinity. She had justhad a calf and was one of the native wild stock of the country. He easily tamed and broke her to-milk, and to his astonishment as well as his neighbors, she proved equlfi‘w a Jersey of the north. She with fair care gave a fine mess of rich milk, and was supplying his family with all the milk and butter needed for use. He had already had her for several months and considered her indispensible for his | family's comfort. He was confident geed milkers could be found among Florida's native stock in great abundance, 'if ouly tried. On our journey through Bradford county we were detained fully two hours by a train of which two flat cars were off the track.. We went and for a while watched fully forty laborers, united efforts to get them on again. I could lmrdly repress an offer of helping those awkward laborers out of their difficulty. Iam confident with the | appliances at hand, I could with five of the men put them. on the track in less than ten minuteg. I went back to the car and upon the side of my valise wrote a letter home of some fifteen pages before the obstruction was removed so that we proceeded on our journey. So much grumbling at the delay is seldorm heard as was indulged in by our numerous traveling companions during the long and to them tedious hours. To us, | however, the cooling pine scented breezes, bright sunshine, romantic surroundings and chance for writing, more thin com- pensated for the delay. This morning at Gainsville tickets to New Orleans and return, were selling for fourteen dollars. The opportunity was to last only for a day or two. Among the passengers waiting at the depot was a doctor, who resided in Texas. He hada pass to Live Oak, and was.on his way di- rect to New Orleans. 'We advised him to purchase a round trip ticket as the cheapest way he could make the journey. He de- ferred it, thinking be could purchase at Baldwin or some station on the navigation company's road for less money,. 'On ariv- ing at New Orleans he informed us his trip one way, cost him cight dollars more than it would to have taken my advice and pur- chase a round trip ticket at the place of starting. And besides he was intending to return to Gainsville during the timeallow- ed for the excursion trip tickets used. We arrived at Baldwin-just in time for the westbound train, thus proving «to our traveling companions that they had done all their grumbling afd borrowed all their trouble for nothing. Good luck wasagain in our favor. We rode during the day- time most of the way. We had tnade our fermer trip in the night over this read, so that our field of observation was much en- larged through the northern counties of the state. We had journeyed thus far through Es- cambia, Santa Rosa, Walton, Washington, Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, Jefferson, Madi son, Hamilton, Suwannee, Columbis, Bak- er, Duval, St. John, Putnam, Marion, Orange, Yo Brad- ford $11 mfifimzfik w? 31:11 feel that we know but little of the country, and would sdvise no one to visit the state with a view of making it his home, upon any thing we have told of or in relation to It, We lock upon it sa a state of very great gpoftnnimanddmn' med to become one t states in our Union. Its climate and the possibility of its pro- ducts will we think make its value io our civil compact one of continual increase in weslth and tion. for all future time, | | Without it our country one of It» Thost necessity in our Union * . 'm i_ m, vs. meal-cry. . fiehmebuwrmkahsme M
