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-+ \ Farm opus. HReminiscences of Farm Life of Olden Times, Stories, &c,---No. 41. i Written expressly for Tux. Orsze0 Mums. ay m BAnHn _ PENS AND PRINTING, The uso of pens forms 'art important era | =_ AmoagdepeoplezEensmafleroithefg from the wing feathers of various kinds of birds, such as geese, turkeys, hawks and | eagles were for many» cenfuries the ones . used for most writing. 'The word being - derived from the Latin word perna, mean- ing a feather, would seem to imply that the quill pen dated back among the ancient «Romans, and that Cicero wrote his famous orations with the pen made from the wing of the goose. - Earlier in history the writing instrament was called stylus, and made of bone: or motal, or other hard. substance, by the use of which characters or letters could be scratched or impressed upon wax or papyr- us, or metal, or stone, for the [purpose of conveying and perpetuating thoughts and ideas. ° j Formerly among the earlier means of conveying ideas, as we do now by writing; pictures of the things wererudely represent- ed instead of words spelied by letters form- ing sentences were used. Evidences of |4 such reprosontatives of language are still to be seen carved on ancient columns, and sphinxes, and tombs, which have with- stood the wear of centuries. The ancient Phcsnecians are ctedited with the discovery. or invention of letters and written language about fifteen hundred years before the commencement of the christian era. At first there was but fiftcen letters in use. - When first introduced into Greece that was the number, - By degrees they were perfected and our present alpha- bet known as the Roman letters has been in use among European nations for over two thousand years, | Different nations, however, using a different number of letters or characters even at thistime. Whether the history we now possess of the first use of the pen, or of written language is correct is n matter of much doubt. Evidence appears to accumulate that India and the Chinese have a written history which carries them back toa much ealler date than does any we possess, IL is true that their writings are to: quite an extent what we call hieroglyphic, they using a great number of characters to con- vey their ideas, in those remote times, which practice they still continue. | While the characters used are said to have not been materially changed for many thou- sands of years, wo are left to conjecture whether the implements used for making them remained the same or not. It is truly singular that a nation of such numbers should continue amid 'all the mutations of war, and changes of empires, and still lation of 145,704. Imperial Rome began 27 yBars B. C., with Augustus Cmsar its first Emperor, This ( commencemhegaldea— age of-Rome... _The christiin-era henna in effort. Itis the things we overcome ob~ stacles to obtain that we prize most highly. ~With-our- present- organization; no-worse thing to us conld occur, then that of put- Ht The Wynndotte'u. Mr. Frank M. Hooker of Fly Creek, has an elsewhere in‘tlslrpapernf [-Ewice a-year;-sp g—andiflhflmflm cow for which Itr: Fuller hasrefused “a has been very. ous-fowls; mlnalon Merchant, farmer and \producer. imself the ten- the thirtieth year of the reign C Augustue Ceear. At this time Rome had a popula- ' [tion of 6,984,000 in, the city and 25,419,000 in the whole. Empire The empire ended in the 4.76 year of the chflstleumJflumilMThe | Romans left Britain 426. A. D., and the Saxon Heptarchy is formed: and continues until Egbert forms the Kingdom of Eng land A. D. 827. Itis still called Britain, or the British Empire. The'great number of works of diligent 'authors which have come down to us from the Roman Empire, give us some faint idea of the use of the pen by that nation. Some authors wrote hundreds of volumes. Galen the celebrated Greek physician who flourished about A. D. 88 wrote 500. books on medicine and 250 upon other subjects. The art of printing was discovered about the fourteenth century as made applicable It is truly a wonder that for so many centuries, writing and written books were used with no effort to duplicate them. - The idea was known to the ancient Assyrians, and they practic- ed it on pottery and brick. The Chinese still print in that ancient way. The matter is first written on transparent paper and then glued or pasted upon true blocks of wood and all except the or charact- This leaves them in a raised form, and by inking an impression of the to the printing of books. ers cut out. page or column is obtained by hand,. The Dutch and Germans both claim the The former by Lawrence Koster about 1424, the latter by Johann Gausficich of Gutenberg, about The first bibles were printed at invention of movenble types. 1498. Gutenberg in 1455 'The invention df printing when made applicable to the printing of books added Its use has continued to increase with passing Nearly all printed matter,\ whether books or periodicals or other matter, is first produced in manuscript before going to the printing press. | The invention of the art of printing and its universal adoption has entirely revolutionized the sources of wonderfully to the use of the pen. time, imformation, as well as its cost. 'To our nation is the world indebted to the greatest improvements made in-the The invention of the rotary printing art. press and stereotype plates has enabled the craft to almost aunihilate time in the amount of printed matter a press can pro- duce. One of the strange things io connection with the printer's art, as well as all other important branches of business, the more perfect und expeditious the work be done, the more is its demand. 'The increase of employes connected with printing, hook binding, book selling, business increases Besides the manufacture of cach year, its ancient natlonality, as does that which we are necustomed to hear called \the heathen Chine.\ No nationality antedates it. No one can boast so long a line of kings. No one has maintained like it, its ancient customs. 'No one adheres so firmly to its former re- ligious rites. - We call them {dolators, and sond them religcous teachers. - Might they not with primitive right endeavor our con- version to their old time belief? What is - peculiarly strange is, thata nation can con- tinuoas has China for so many centuries, with no material change in fis religion or civilization Pens of the kind used by the ancient Grecians have for all times since been s power on earth. By their use they hand down to us the history of their gods, their deinigods and their distinguished poets, orators, scholars and military chieftains, Theirs opens to us one of the first import- anterasof civilized history, Ins declitie dates something over three hundred years before Christ, yet it will for all time leave the imprint of its progress upou the nations of earth to the remotest of futura gener- ations. After it arises, ss from its ashes the Roman Empire, it starts lke a spark from the rimple steel: and spresds as time pases with a mighty stride. It commences In a email ares around and upon afew hills in Italy, ix an bhwnble sod myaterious manhét,-- and» matinee its «him f knownwofld. Whfleltktmfihnflreérm glory Had not. departed. when Romulus fondedBomayefifiseqxrally Aroé that Romanglnryfollowed Gredmrm ~ meaetbamamsby Inge of fhe ancient haye been Sanded:down | to us. \Itis by them that slike the peems offlonmffidmehflcfflwmfil/ Spur prin{ing material both increases In. quanti- ty, improves in quality and cheapness with its increasing demand. One would think that increased facilities for mnnnufacture of any article would tend to lessen the number of persons employed Experience to produce the thing so made. however, prove the contrary to be the ro sult. erything we use. letter, and it is carried in less than one fourth the time. We expect to live to see the time that even one cent will be the full postage of letters of one ounce weight in any part of the United States, We are confldent the increase of the means of rap- id travsit and also of mail matter will soon wartant the chniige. Had we notlived to observe to a large extent the @lianges wrought in printfhg, and also in transportation. wjthin the past half century, we would hardly believe it That contentment, happiness, possible.. and love of life bas incressed in a ratio at [all commensurate .with increased facilities for enjoyment, we would not for a moment contend.: And why has itnot? Who gan] give a satisfactory reason, even to hisown mind? ''We confess we cannot. Salon-land Insanity increske instead of diminish. | Life. , sees: dt Tess value. to tarot the. That principle applies to almost ev- We well remember when we tised to pay twenty-five cents postage on a letter from Tallahasse, Florida, to our home in Broome county. Now two cents pays the transportation of twice as lurgé a us in a position in which we. were obliged \to spend our time, in inactivity or idleness '* Labords a blessing. 'The willand ability to perform it, gives enjoyment. as 'well as {supplies our physical wants, -Our-mental- néeds are tou, the subject of eff Know] 'edge is only the result \of application. - | Strange as it may appear, we are confident that the increase in. the facilities of obtain- Our free schools, our numerous sclentific publications, our many facilities for be- coming learned, seems to deaden instead of enliven and stimulate tis to improve the opportunities now so freely given to all. The press of to-day gives facilities for imformation never equaled in any past 'time. - Bo great is the opportunity that no person of common ability need be unin- formed. Yet the desire to improve the golden moments, embrace the opportuni- ties offered us here in the Northern States, is far surpassed by the enfranchised blacks of the South. Having so long been kept from the means of an education they Joy: fully embrace it, and too, they improve it whenever opportunity occurs. Could we, who now rank as old, have had in our boyhood days the disposition for improvement we then had, sided bxtlie facilities and opportunities the boys of to- day enjoy, we would have appreciated it beyond description. - So too, those of labor as compared with the present. When men were compelled to work from twelve to sixteen hours for a day's work/and at the hardest kind of toil and most meager pay compared with to-day, they never thought of such a thing as a strike. In time the pay increased and the hours shortened, and the result of the change is a million of laborers on the average, have the past year, in our country, been con- tinually idle on a strike for shorter hours and more pay. If the past is the index for the future, the time is not far dis- tant when full pry and no labor will be brazenly demanded upon the same princi- ple which now prevails. | But unfortunate ly nothing is produced without labor, and a law stronger than buman laws underlics the whole matter, and that is the less labor the less the production, and consequently the less reward for it. No labor reform moves will change that fact. If a@man can earn for himself or anotheris certain sum per hour, that sum of earnings is regulated by the number of hours such labor is performed, be they few or many. He earos for himself in such |; proportion and no other. | It is useless to attempt to change that rule. - And its price will be verned by the laws of supply and demamé: 'Any variation from those rules are temporary, and will never result in suc cess. ~£ theso -famous and eggs for salé. qufilities Hence the name. pearance. without. successful with thent and now offers chicks .These fowls were for- | merly known ns Ambfican Senhrlghts and were admitted to the Standard under the abové namé, in February, 1888. They are (Anding-many admirers; and: are being care- fully tested by . those really anxious to ar- ath correct estimate of their. good Tt is claimed for them that they arérexcellent layers and good table, poul- tng an education, lessens\ themxiety infirm They something. of the Dork ing shape, and ate altogether substantial looking birds, There are conflicting claims as regards the origin of the Wyan- dottes, \They are named after a tribe o) Indiins as we have previously stated, who occupied the same country in which these fowls are supposed to have originated. The Wyandottes should haye. rose combs, 'briglit -red ear-lobes, broad and deep bodies and rather short legs, smooth and yellow. The plumage of these fowls is quite remarkable for its regularity and distinctness of markings. When in good condition and well matured, they present a very neat and striking ap- 'The fact that these fowls are 80 extensively advertised of late shows what an impetus was given by their ad- mission to the Standard. This is a help that poultry breeders of years ago were Although this same Standard has faults (and what that is the work of human hands or intellect las not?) shouldgbe faithfully studied by all who ex- pect to keep poultry on a profitalile basis. 'Those who consider it unimportant-this breeding of fine poultry aud. aiming-for perfection-should look the ground over carefully and without prejudice, and see if they can account for the wonderful ad- vance poultry keeping has made in these later times, by assigning the reason to any one cause more prominent than the' adop- tion of a Standard by which breeders may breed their fowls to a type that is recog- nized as an index to pure blood, And so, from time to time new breeds and varie ties have come upon the stage. andottes have been cordially received, and we predict have come to remain a long time. --@464-- ° Care of Antmials In Wiater, The American Humane Association of- fers the following suggestions relative to fowls, horses and cattle, to persons having | dlers is to ship to a house with a record | two-horse loads, the second gave these in charge, in the northern latitudes, during the winter months: Do not compel domestic fowls to roost n trees, Aside from danger of being cap- tured by owls and other enemics, the sway- tog of the branches upon which they are sitting will prevent them from getting rest; while in the severely cold weather, exposed, feet and combs are frozen and the bird is so benumbed as to make it im- it The Wy- thus det object of solicitude, ; by parties © who desire. to digpose-of for hi whatever |) [goods he may have fo Tt is, or seems to tie, at least B cardinal belief with the producer or farmer that he s-forever- being uaJustly—deMLwifithhe mofchant r—Whom'he—sts—goodswnd- thereforeis always'willing to believe any: report that comes to him that higher prices, can be and aré being obtained from other 'quarters. Perhaps thisys but natural, when it is remembered that thousands of formers must intrust the result of a year's toil to the honesty and uprightness of men they never saw, to dispose of for them and' send them proper.returns. But it can be truthfully claimed and corroborated tlfat in 90 per cent of the cases, where farmers send to well known firms they get the full value of the goods sent on commission. Itis upon the other belief that thoy are always defrauded, that the sharpers walk in and really do the defrauding. This is about the style in which the latter is car- ried on. . A sharper who goes into the business commences by systematically stealing the \marks\. of packages that arrive by car or vessel, and then proceeds to write to the names thus secured, circulat letters setting forth how the ordinary dealer doés swindle, and olIerincr a' cent or two more than the ruling price for all goods the farm- er may have to sell. Of course references | are given, but alas, the farmer in his greed or greenness, very seldom applies to the |\ references given, and if he does, New York merchants have but little time to at tend to looking up the characters of their neighbors, and the bait is swallowed, the goods are sent, received by the sharper, disposed of\quictly off the dock or at the depot, and the farmer waits in blesful ig- norance for two or three weeks, and then writes to the firm (?) only to have his letter returned from the dead letter office marked \mot found.\ There are other ways in which the swindle is carried on, but this is a popular ond and one that is yearly work- ed successfully. Last year Pennsylvania farmers were swindled out-of $1,000,000 by this gentry, and it is estimated that the business of this character carried on at Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston and New York steals over $6,000,000 per year. The only protection against these swin- and to remember that if the goods shipped are inferior in any way that when they reach New York they are simply a part of a tremendous quantity of poor goods that raust always be sold under pressure, and in many instances would never be sold if it, was not for the care of remarking by the commission dealer shipped to, to handle. This is, of course, the stumbling block to the producer. His goods are always The Honest vs. the Swimming; com. 2. Mary Aun of St. Lambert s, the fame 000 says the Toronw Globe, is: inde d +I'ter record. Bhe is a large specunen 01 the breed, and no. judge: of a dairy\ cow {v0 . regarded asa solid fawn, with dark facin Her bhorms- arg short, crumpled; [Her head is large, full is the facé and 's. shade: coarse at the muzzle. Her neck is long and fine; with qurominenoe of dew» lap that: does not add to her beauty, Her) shoulders.are very thin and fine, with con- ° siderable depth to the brisket, Backof the shoulders she beging to widen out slowly like a wedge. | Her body is very long, with great dopth through the: after portion of the abdomen. Her ribs are long, flat: and open, with an unusual stretch between the =_ last rib and the point of the hip. Her hf M bones are wide apart and prominent. Ker - stifles aro deep and well-developed, her'ud~ = der extremely large and perfectly formed, and for large and tortuous milk veinkdt is doubtful if she has an equal living. Sho looks to be a cow of extraordinary constl- . tution and vitality, and, except that her milking habit shows. marvelous develop- ment she shows no signs of the \wonder ful milking tests to which she has been subjected. \To all appearances Mary Ann is now the very picture of rugged‘rohual: health, and is now unquestionably.as fit, if not indeed fitter than ever, to champion the claims of the Jerseys in a butter test, She appears to be an extremely hearty feed- er, is foud of being petted, ‘aingularly cool and free from nervousness, and, in short, the very ideal of a dairy cow fully in her prime and absolutely free from faults or ailments of any kind. ---4s4--- Surface Manuring and Large Hay Crops, Mr. I. D. Robinson, & large manufactur- er and stoall farmer of Movetown, Vt., 48 a- . firm believer in surface manuring as against ploughing under six oreight inches. 'Twen- ty-two years ago he purchased two actes of mowing land near his lumber mills which produced only about a ton of hay annually per acre. He has improved it by top dress- ing with stable manure and wood ashes, till now hé cuts as much hay in two ctops 'as many farmers got from 10neres. 4m neighbors estimate his craps at 10 tons per year. The first cutting this year was' four - heavy loads. He keeps two horses.and from two to three cows; also one to four hogs, feeding grain freely to all. Theian- imals are bedded bountifully in the season of it, with buckwheat bulls, of which ho obtains large quantities from his grist mill, The liquid manure is thus all saved. apd . 'goes upon the land 'with the solids, He likes to apply fine old compost to the stub- ble just as soon as the first crop isremoved. 'The inventions of the times have been continually benefiting labor, both in cheap» ening the things needed, and at the same time increasing the price 'of lis carniogs. One to observe the contrast lins only to look at China or India whore modern im- provements arb practically iguored, and the price of labor merely nothing. The pen and the press have accomplished their full share toward producing such. results. No country has equaled ours in its in crease in inventive skill and in its reward in increase of wealth. - None has at all com; pared with ours in its patronage of the ‘pub- lishers of books and papcrs.‘ None equals us in the universal diffusion of knowledge. We may doubtless add that none exists. where true liberty is more abused than with us. Boma men seem to think that liberty consists in tramping upon the rights of others. - They ignore the maxim which Hes at the bottom of all trae freedom, \equal rights to all.\ They forget the teachings of Him who taught as as 'never man taught,\ Him should \love our neighbor as ourself,\ | mouths. that upon this command and one more possible for it to be of much profit on the Securely sheltered from wind and storm, and allowed to sit on a broad roost, feet are thus kept warm, refreshing rest is obthined and the fowl is much stronger, healthier and more profitable to its owner. Do not clip horses during the winter With the same propriety we farm. might cut the hair from a dog or shear sheep at this season of the year. The ar- gument in behalf of the practice is that the horse in perspiration will dry more quick- {ly if the hair is short. If the antinal is thoroughly blooketed and kept in a sliel« tered or warm place, after being driven, no danger results from prespitation, what- ever the length of hair; whils the horse that has been deprived of Its coat in the winter time suffers perpetually while be- ing éxposed 'to the cold. Tt is 's cruelty inflieted upon beautiful carriage horses for the, purposes of style. Blessed is the ordinary ' workhorse, in the winter (matter; howev muchflmay who tells us that we perspite, better in his eyes than those of the con- sumer, and if the retual price received does not suit his ideas, he has been swin- dled. It should be remembered by shippers that men enter the commission business cach year, send circulars, receive. goods, sell them, and \burst up\ intentionally, and then repeat the thing from year to year, knowing that there are always a host of dissatisfied farmers ready to send them goods and be gulled. ~Why does not law stop it? 'The farmer sends his goods vol untarfly, and the sharper receives them. Who has a right to take them from him? When the farmer ceases to furnish the goods the swindle will cease—{Now York Matket Journal. How to Cool a CeHaor. A great mistake . issomctinies made in ventilating céllars and milk houses. 'The ubject of ventilation is to keep the cellars [ butithe object ¢ often‘ fails of d This makes a partial mulch for the grass\ ~ plants just when they are in most danger of being burned out by the hot suns of ear- ly summer, Coarse manure he applicy any time in winter on the snow. 'When he bogan spreading manure upon the fur face, his neighbors who had practiced ploughing it deeply under the sod were in' clined to ridicule the practice, but his ex- amplo has revolutionized the whole neigh- borhood, as all see that manure is worth more to the present generation when ap- plied near the surface than if turned decp- ° ly under, | If his grass is Ibjured by win-, ter-killing or otherfvise; seed is sown on ' and harrowed in with a liberal dressing of manure. - Ho has done this twicé in<twen< ty-two years, He has messured tim > grass from four féet, aghf’inchmowe * te over six feet high In the Its growth, | A small- kitchenga ena tivated every yearinsoma part of the He raists hayenunghoathdremnda eryyear u; vearly. keep th named named ”hang all the law and the proph- making \bis fellow poot, . neighbor of rights he is eq joy- has not yet ciples of civil li Ii’” is thetrue « misdonafikeoffhepm 6
