{ title: 'The Otsego farmer. (Cooperstown, N.Y.) 1885-1910, January 16, 1886, Page 1, Image 1', download_links: [ { link: 'http://www.loc.gov/rss/ndnp/ndnp.xml', label: 'application/rss+xml', meta: 'News about NYS Historic Newspapers - RSS Feed', }, { link: '/lccn/sn87070110/1886-01-16/ed-1/seq-1/png/', label: 'image/png', meta: '', }, { link: '/lccn/sn87070110/1886-01-16/ed-1/seq-1.pdf', label: 'application/pdf', meta: '', }, { link: '/lccn/sn87070110/1886-01-16/ed-1/seq-1/ocr.xml', label: 'application/xml', meta: '', }, { link: '/lccn/sn87070110/1886-01-16/ed-1/seq-1/ocr.txt', label: 'text/plain', meta: '', }, ] }
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~ we'are liviig in the most advanced state of velvilization ever achieved. We of course ' mount. civil advancement by: the progress ~ 'comotion, of recelving rapid information, ___ -- ces m M To-uqzmonmflnhepmgmssmndeflflfin, \Fude. Rochester now stands, was witness to the the joke was known to him. 'Thesister n | , A FARM AND FIRESIDE JOURNAL. COOPERSTOWN, N. Y., SATURDAY,, JANUARY 16, 1886. board plow. It must have been between The Horns Must. HRominiscences of Farm Life of Olden Storids, 4. Written exprebsly for Tan Fuuzn, BY It BAKER, We may not be aware of thg fact, but nade in knowledge and the mechanic arts. our lifetime, far exceeded in ; mechanical «chievemputs, all the advancement of all preceeding ages. < Really the means of lo- 'of taking lifelike impressions, of illumina- tion of all kinds; of mechanical execution, mark within the past half century an ad- wance far superior to all those made before it. If we measure civilization by progress then our age crowns the list. If we meas- ure it by crime, and vice, we will certainly rank higher, for assuredly our moral, has not kept pace with our civil advancement. Our progress in the mechanical arts is truly wonderful. 'We have in many ways been able to note the changes wrought, particu- lurly t the- mechanic arts. We well remember the - labor of our old \eut and try\ carpenter before named. He-was the only mechanic of the kind we ever met: - Hedid. excellent work, and his heavy frames stood extemly - well, no doubt following transaction: --- At the time above named a squaw came down the Genessee river and landed above the falls neara sort of log tavern, and called for rum. ' As a compensation for a quart of rum, she offered to ride over the falls in her frail bark canoe. - Bome young men present to test her pluck, purchased for lier the rum. - She took the bottle and took a'good drink, went to her cance and seating herself in it, took another long pull hot had passed; of the proposal, the acceptance, and with tears begged that she should nev- er let Joe know of the deception they bad [practiced. All went well, and finally when Joe learned of the transaction, his only re- ply was, 'well, now since I had been an- gaged to one and married to the other, it is too mean that only one of you finally be- became my wife.\ In after years one re- ceived an injury of. her face which left a ~~ <--* ~~] the morning tnformed the other of that 1925 to 1828 that -the first cast- fron plows\ were brought into use. We well remem- ber the first time we ever saw one. The first cook stove we ever saw, must have been in 1888 or 1824, Franklin and box- stoves were in use at a much eaflier date; but we well remember our first school-days were spent in a school house with a fire in a stone fireplace, with s wooden mantle high up, which often caught fire during winter terms, which the boys used to ex- ith-s tinculst TTIEXTHAL & go's cmorhan, San Franorsco, Dec. 21, 1866, We,have delayed the issuance of our us- our statistical returns were received, to find that the 1985 crop on the Pacific Coast, was even smaller than we had calculated, and that so little surplus of-the 1885 crop re- mained available. We Imve sought confir- matory information, to establish the cor- rectness of our returns, before feeling satis- { of dairy cattle. ual December Circular, being surprised as' For years we Have been b the necessity for breeding the born The necessity for.su movement is admitted by almost evg engaged id the business; | The Insup 4 ohslnclu in the lnlpmfllcabllity nt admitt at the black-bottlé; selzed-her-paddle;-shot out into the middle. of the stream, and in a ; moment disappeared over the falls, and was never seen afterwards. | Thousands, | not squaws, every year as surely and fatally go over the drunkard's falls, and are as totally wrecked as was the poor squaw, seemingly with an equal indifference to its dangers as did she, though fully known to them, 'These evening gatherings often ended by severs! of the parties present relating some incident of personal experience, or things that had come under their own observation, Old Mr. Smith on one occasion, the old- est man of the guests, a smart, active man whose great delight in haying time was to swing a scythe from daylight till dark, coming out at night so spry and fresh, that it appeared more like a pastime than labor to the stalwart man. | He oneevening gave us a description of his wedding. Through many hardships he had won his lady love, and the day was sét for his marriage in the early fall.\ .more certain .and. trusty than the ribbons, sear; making a- marl-of-distinetion-much which could be so easily changed, from one to the other. My uncle, the brother of my father, who always worked at mechanical work with him, owned a farm one side of my grand- father's, and my father on the other. One morning he: was awoke efrly by the bark: ing of dogs, 'and arose and found four large ones engaged killing his sheep, hyving al- ready killed or maimed twenty of his flock. Without waiting to dress, he seized his rifle, and two of the dogs lay dead ut one shot. He then dressed and followed the others to their homes and shot them nt the very doors of their owners. So long as he lived after that occurrence, (he died of accident at the age of forty-five,) no dog ever escap: ed his fun if found awny from his owner or master, We have known him to drop his work, seize his gun, and follow a dog two miles, if.no opportunity shot oc- curred nearer, No dog on whom he level- no- ---. Feoding for Eggs in Winter, If heos lay they must have a supply of 'food in excess of the demands of the system; bence the necessity for housing, because if it takes all the food to manufacture heat, there. will be no aur. plus for egg production. To obtain the best results in feeding any kind of stock, food which contains all the elements necessary to the growth must be given, This is best secured by a variety in feeding; for while some of the cereals contain all these elements, an exclusive diet, if long continued, wiil lead to disease. Corn is one of the bestof foods for keep- ing ap animal heut; and can be liberally used for an evening meal in winter, As an appetizer, fowls ought to have cooked meal frequently-once a day If possible. 'Purnipe, or tursip peelings, squashes, punipltn®, 'potatoet, Tw fact ail nude of vegetables, cooked aud thickened with | apprecite fed to ndvise the figures arrived at, What has assisted the movement of-the 1885.crop from the Pacific Const, was the fact that the crop proved to be of exceptionally fine qunfltv: and was therefore sought after. The English markets were very quick to iis, and from irst receipt of samples, they purchased Choice Pacific Coast hops, even at an advance over what the bust New York State hops could be se- cured nt. The English selection has been particularly for Sonoma County, Califor- mia, and for Washington Territory hops. This continued active demand for 1885 hops, being induced by their choice quality, did not affect *the yearling stock of hops, which, fortunately, have been neglected, without exerting a depressing influence upon values. 'Those growers on the Pacific Const, whose hops were marketed in choice con dition, have been able to dispose of their hops promptly,\ whilé medium hops have found little sntecand the reshlt will he, 4 of any breed by Judicious selection. iden; frithfully pdtsrted-fora-few yg would eliminate the horns from eV ue 'Texas cows, much mote such, a_breed'as the Jerseys, where horns, as a breed already in dilnpidated condition. They\ [grow in all directions, and are easily brokeny . so that many of them fre disfigured by . what remains. All that is necessary to finish the job is, for the fushion to set: strongly in that direction, and in a few ' | years even the present stubs would disag«. | pear. So far as looks are eqncerned & ~ mulley cow is certainly better looking thie a cow, with oue horn or two stubs, or 00¢ growing forward and the other backward, as is now the case with many specimens in every herd. . If our breeders took as much care Of the horgs as the breeders do on the island of Jersey thero would be some sense In retain« ing them, but as it is the sooner they are bred off enurely the better it will be, nob many of them still belog in use. Itwould be a glow way of doing such work in these days. His tools would excite lnughter. Au- gum were then the old English pad style, the serew and twist augur being not then in use. Ali tools were equally clumsy and 'They were mostly of foreign man- wifacture. Tool manufacturing had not yet assumed shape in Yankeedom. All entting tools were then made of English blister steel. - Cast steel came into use at a later date. ~ | The tron in use then was old \red Sable\ or \Jwedes and was worth so far inlund, from six to cight-cents per pound, Cut nails were Just coming fhto use. - All build- ings in thosmmrts—erecwd previous to 1820, which we have ever observed, were cou- structed with hand made wrought nails, We have ourself assisted in taking down several in both Broome and Otsego coun- tles, in the building of which no cut nuils were used. One framed wagon house we took down, was largely constructed by the ase of wooden ping, about three fourths of. an incl in dinmeter, - It must have been a alow process to fasten on. boards, and floors and bore the holes with the old Eng: lish pad augur, but such was done, Carpeniers in those days seldom, if ever, made the trade their whole business, . We knew many, and cannot now call to mind one of middle life, who did not also carry on a farm, although by proxy. | The reason was, land was chenp, and but a stqall por- tion of the wages paid mechanics, or oth- ers, was cash; and a farm was necessary to enable the mechanics to make the pay they were to tike available, as it consisted large- ly of stook, gruin, or other farm products. Those were times when barter prevailed. No pleasure to us exceeded the evening winter visits, which we were allowed to roake to grandfather's. | It was the custom for the neighbors for miles around, to as- semble there, to learn the news of the out- side world. Our grandfather: took several papers. - A novelty in those times, and the news, even if months old, was the very latest attainable. What would people to- day think of being set back to sailing ves- sels for news from Europe, with a voyage often of ninety or more days duration, and horseback mails from the commerical me- tropolis, or navigable waters of our state, as the most speedy means of receiving in- tilligence? It was in these evening gatherings, be- fore the big blazing wood | fire, that public matters, and measures, were discussed, and talked over. We remember grandfather reading to the men so assembled, an ac- count of a quick trip of one of Fulton's steamboats just then navigating the Hud: son. After the reading he remarked to thei, that \'the time would come in which the Atlantic ocean would be traversed by ateam in two weeks, time. | \You nor I, will not probably live to see it, but that boy,\ pointing to me, \'will no doubt live to see it accomplished.\ The inspression upon our mind was such by his allusion, that every progress in ocean navigation was closely watched, and we lived to see the prophecy fulfilled many years ago. Often tn those times an Indian, and per- haps asquaw, would seek a night's lodging, or a meal of victuals, Sometimes party of four or five together, 'They were uso- ally selling brooms,-of baskets, made of black ash; or backikin moccasins or mitt. ens. They could all talk fair English, and nmhhdmfiemwkifw. No “smethdffifinnfiedgfi-Im» The day and night before the one set for the wedding time it rained almost in- cessautly, and the creeks were transformed into rivers, - Near the home of his bride was- a creek which they usually forded easily with horse or teams or crossed on a fallen tree which spanned it when on foot. He, with a light heart, came to the creek, which to his horror was now a muddy, roaring, impassable, torrent. | The domine and the wedding guests had gathered to- gether and were watching him as he ap- proached on horseback upon the oppogite side, The water was so deep he could not ford it, and so rapid thatno man, or horse, could safely swim it. | He was in a fix, so too with the bride and wedding guests. The banks were about one hundred feet apart above the water, but its roaring was such that no sound could be distinguished for that short distance, He stood and viewed | the scene for a few minutes, cogitating upon | what was to be done. He had not waited long before he saw his intended going down the bank on the opposite: side with a large coil of rope in her hand. She went down the sir am a few rods to where a strong tree stood a few feet from the water on ench shore. He said \I bad involuntarily as it vere went down the same on the opposite side.\ \Attracling my attention she unwound for some time n ball of strong yarn upon she ground, und. then with a powerful ef- fort threw the ball across the stream to me which I easily caught, She then tied the twine to the end of the rope, and motioned me to draw it over. We soon had it reross the stream. Bhe bad taken the precaution / to tie securely her end of the rope to the tree, before trusting it to the force of the current. I soon secured mine to the tree upon the opposite side, rendily seeing that she expected me to cross on that rope. I tled up my bridle upon my horse rad told him | forced to give up the pursuit, ed his rifle ever escaped. We once knew him to kill two deers at one shot, the bull passing through the beart of the first and the head of the second. The last game we knew our grandfather to kill wasa large wolf. le had killed some sheep, and wasracked to a swamp, upon two sides of which was a public road. The neighbors were rallied for a hunt, A few were posted on each roud within gun- shot of each other, and my grandfather at the corner, Another party passed through the woods, and swamp, niso within sight of each other, The wolf came out near grandfather ned he puta ball through him. From the time the men started for the woods three hours did not elapse before their game was ready to skin. A few months hiter we knew a bear to lxwurroumlcd and driven from a piece of woods in the same manner, and trrough the rarclessness of one of the men who was posted to watch, and dispatched him, as he emerged from the woods. Just at the time he should have been at his place, be had left it to talk to his post und the bear parsed over his stund, and un- observe l escaped into un impeaetrable At hat time there was deep snow and many hunters followed him.. Buta heavy snow coming on at night they were le st swamp, The effects of those incidents ate al wage strongly impressed upon the mind of boyhood,and will be long remembered when other and later transactions ure forgotten. When about five years of age, one of our uncles was going on business to a store in a village, called at that time Clark's Settle. ment, pow known as 'Prinngle, He asked us to accompany him. Our mother readily consented, and gve us a penny to buy ns fish-hook, an nequisition not yet ours. We arrived at the «tore, our uncle: completed his business, and there being a good oppor to go home, and then I crossed that stream by swinging myself noross hand over hand When near the middle of the roaring tor rent the rope sagged so that my feet were in the water, and had it not been for the encouraging presence of my sweetheart, I must have loosed my hold and went down with the rapidly flowing current. \By almost superhuman efforts I got across and was seized by my fair Eliza and covered with kisses. A pair of dry stock: ings tepaled the damage, and the most: pleasant and joyous of all weddings ended | the day's experience.\ Having introduced our old friend Smith, we should fail of doing him proper justice if | we did not give a glimpse of his family. This loving couple had a pair of twin daugh- ' ters, who were young ladies when we were a boy. They were so near alike in looks, form and voice, that the mother was al- ways obliged by some article of dress, to be able to distinguish the one from the other. She usually had ote wear a pink ribbon round the waist or neck, and the other a blue one, as a mark of distinction. We, ourself, could never tell them apart and would have to enquire which one we were talking with. We have often, when they were seated or standing side by side, tried to discover some distinguishing mark or features, not common to both, but in vain. They were as like as two pess. In due time one of the sisters had a beau, who had paid Ler regular visits for some mouths, Her sister, one day jokingly mid, \If I knew sbout some things you bave said to each ciber, I will bet Lcould spend was, and he would never i buy a fish hook, at the same time handing know betwhat It was 5pu.\ ~The proposal 'The bliceribbon waschang | mind. | If wa have ever since done a mean led for mfil'bahmameandm f Roaming! Wikxmv cfmxaizmi mmpznwgweeva mmuwmemggwm emmmcewawwd (tunity we told the merchant we wanted to 'him the penny. | He set before us a how! ! containing a pint or more of ail sizes of fish hooks, telling us that he always let small boys, like us, have two for a cont. He was at that moment called to the op posite side of the store to wait upon a cus { tomer. - He told us to take our choice, and {left us selecting our hooks. - Some evil genius told us that we might as well have three hooks as two, and we took one and 1 alyly hooked it inside our cost collar and kcpl two others in our hand. He soon re- ‘turned and we showed him the two hooks, He said. \you have got just the right kind These are trout hooks. You will have a fine time catching trout. | I always ‘hketo see little boys, like you, have fine fun I catching trout. . T liked to catch them when im boy,\ and many like pleasant remarks. He little knew every word was a dagger, and went to our heart. We had stolen a fish-hook. and, too, from such a tice man. Our conscience told ns to confess the theft at once, but we did not The nest year. Mr. Keyes, the merchant, sold out and moved west. When we got home we hid our stolen hook away and showed only the other two. Days passed and our mother often won- Idered why we did not tease to try our new i fish-hooks. She thought the only way to cure boys from wanting to go fishing was to furnish them plenty of fish-books, Her words to us were hot, but we made no The result of that theft has brau or corn meal, ure greedily eaten by them, and will, in a great measure make up for the lack of green food. If cabbage leaves and tursip tops could be covered in the cellar they would make excellent green food during the winter, Bods cut aud rolled up can be stored where thy well now freezs and given them to pick to pieces during the cold days. Heus will become so hungry for grass that they will eat it in winter after it bas turned brown and tough from freezing, and fill their crops so full of it that the indigestible view of the low prices ruling, that only the best growers are in financial condition, to continue raising hops. 'This will tend to further reduce the crop next season, and assure choice quality again, as on the Pacific. Cast climatic conditions do not injure the hops. Many growers, following the de- cline in values, have gradually reduced their acreage, and we know of one promi- nent grower in California, who, in 1882, had 54 acres in hi ps, only 27 ncres in 1885 mass will wad up foto a ball and cause them to become crop-bound. Whnt is ad excellent egg producing food? Puc farmer can feed serceninge to a good | advantage, but tuose who have it to buy wilt dud it docs not pay uuless they can get it: from: sume-efd-fashioned, country mill. Iurproved mill machinery leaves wothing but vile stuff that is not fit for | tood. Cinckeos will not eat cheat, unless driven to it by starvation, and if oue will tnke an estimate of the amount of wheat i tu such serecuings he will Aud that it wil be cheaper to buy whent, But the yery best egy producing food is vata, and it should. Constitute oue meal each day. I do not sve much said about outs as fed for fowls, in poultry literature, but 1 have proven its good qualities to my satisfaction. lt should be sonked before being ted, by pouring water over it and letting it stand until cool enough to feed, or unul it \swells.\ by pouriog boiling water on it. Monet the coru auee or twicu a week by throwing the ears into the oven of the stove; it m. said to mucrease the egg. production, aud it will also tend to keep thein in leulth, Now that bog-kilhag tw to urder, save all the bonex, Ituve a block aud pound or chop them tto preoes as large as grains of coru, and see how the chickeua will scramble for thew, Do not 'bung up the aud \lights\ in the apple tree, but cook them liver ecraps of meat. Milk is an excellent epg producer. Two found that the fowls lad exactly the same treatment with ove exception, and that was that the fowls which were paying their ows. er for their keepiog had all the milk they wanted. But doubtless locality lies some thing to do with the effects of feed. One farm where chickens died with '\cholera' each fall, bas been free from it since the fowls had the milk they wanted, while on another farm they dare uot give their fowls milk becanse it produces cbolera. I think where milk difugrees with fowls that it could be made a pmlatable foud by stir- ring soda into ii to correct any: acidity thar might result from its use. ' Dov't forget to give your fowls a warm driok two or three times a day, and after following the above, if you don't get egys, then you eitber have not the right breed, they are not the right age, or you bave pot given them proper: houstog.-[Cor. In- diana Farmer. Bwice men bave beea greatly tmabled this season by the prevalence of hog. click been that we have never since seen a fish hook, heard of fish-book, or thought of fish i book, but what it bas been instantly in our ‘mmgmmmm mumm ers aod the devastation it, has wrought 92. 1:5:er Prevention with this ld'nmemdnyuhemmdnfw rem ‘edy. and prevention may generally be effect. ed by observing propersanitary regolation«. | kmamw‘flmfike many other kinds of domestic animais, will not bear over-cro@ding, over. ferding, not to be forced to swallow Sith all-theit lives, but must have plesty of rom, | recollectseeing | freth air and prire feed and Cook io fob mould clogs qcactifien -f Natfona) Stockman 2 And do not clull your chickens by Lhrow. | ing ree-cold grain to thein, but warm dt | for the chickens aud Tred them all the other | and proposes to cultivate only 20 acres, in 1896. The'patural tendency on the Pacfic Const, , however, is to continue hop farming, with, perhaps, am fucrease of the crop, for the reason that climatic conditions cause no loss to the grower here. The average yie d is over 1,000 pounds to the acre, and runs as high as 2,000 pounds to the rere, so that probably the cost of production is lower here than in any part of the world. It is [evident, however, that the hop production of the world has increased to such an ex- tent beyond the consumption, that the rai«- ing of hops is no longer remunerative, and unless the production throughout the world decreases, the business will develop the \survival of the fittest,\ in which the grower on the Pacific Const his the natural elements of success with him. We have adopted our usual system of making circular requests to every hop grower on the Pacific Coast, from whom we received returns of their acreage in hops, and the number of bales marketed. The hop acreage is not taken, unless the hops grown were actually picked, for in many yards the hops were left on the vines; { unpicked, These returns are verified by a competent inspector in each district. This his enabled us to determine the 1885 crop correctly, os in previous. seasons, which we hore give in the comparative: statement of crops ies, dou jean California 41 ul 14 297 Oca gam alate noor 4,04 8 Tif Washington Territ ry 15,581. 21,148. 9,201. 8475 { Critish Polumbla as T1 109 55 Total animo | qe aot. es ase NICS OF iCiRANR 4KD YIELD FOR 194; AND 1995, men lived near each other and bad the same & f $03 Hea . £1 £45 kind of fowls, but oue of them was get- g; £<§ Eé =§ ting en abundance of egge when prices « PG < E: were ' wry up,\ while the other had none. | ('n'lfornia. w3n5 1,150 sare Like - . hoa Uregon Re Lise 1.830 1.180 Upoa investigation for the tesgon it Washington Ter 2.004 Tano sito. 1.20 Brileh Colambis 1% - 830 2o Grand Total Am 1941110506 1,500 the bands of growers and dealers on Dec left in California, and difficulty we will find during called for. the quantity of stock in ats - and navicular disease (coffin joint lameness), We have ascertained the actual stock in Ist, to be 19, 225 bates, and while taking this stock, secured the further information enabling us to determine as to the quality of 1885 crop. and 4834 crop, hops respec- tively. The stock of 1884 hops is reported to us at 8,833 bales, of which 5,200 bales are in San Francisco, and 3,548 are in the interior. We find the stock of 1885 hops to be 10,837 bales, of which 8,546 are in San Francisco, and 8,871 bales in the inter- for of the State. The quality of 1895 hops which will be required by the brewers in California, for the balance of the 1885 crop. We know every crop, and are prepared to; make this statement, that there-are-not more than 1,500 bales of strictly chioce 1885 hog; balance of the season, to secure choice hops when From the most reliable taformation which we have arrived at, taken from dur returns ist, at 2,572 bales, of whm anly-for the comfort -of the- weaker menihers.- of the tierd; but for 'the looks 'of tho-aged animals as well. | Who will be the 'frstto | advertiso-requstered-polled Jerseys ?. _Other breeds could profit by such an example, -[ American Dairymay. A Practical Roost, A correspondent of the American Poul try Fard says . \I bave in use in my poulity houses, roosts differing from any I have ever seen or beard pf, and thinklog some your readers might take advantage of it, I send you a deflcrlpuon I have found it the most practical of anything I have ever tried. \It cousists of two pteces of inch boards, four to fix wide, according to the weight they bave to sustain, aud of the re- quired leogth, suspended from the ceiling of the house, near the sides, by 4 tack from rods atthe end of exch piece. The rods have a square book beot in the lower ends to fit the boards and a loop jn the other to puss over the hooks driven in the ceiling. Across these wooden pieces are laid the roosts proper, of scantling or whatever the | person may choose to use . The advantage gonsists in the roosts not being. connected ' with the building ifo any way except by the roda, which I keep smuared with tar. This prevents the walls from harboring vermin, also the floor, which is the case when they stand upon the posts. Notliing is nailed fast, and the whole thing can be taken apart, carried ont and saturated with coal oil all over and set fire toif you choose, which is unnecessary, as I think. the oif does more good left ou, To be sure, the frame work rocks some when the fowls are getting off in the morning, but I And this no disadvantage.\ -e- Tender-Footed Horsos, Horses feet become tender from many causes. Some of the ailments nre eurable, others must be pailiated or if pos- sible, with little hope of cure. This is es- pecially tre of chronic iamairi¥is{foundery In these discasos the borse \points\ in m marked manner, limps often badly and manifests tenderness when tapped with s hammer on the sole. If he could be re- lieved from al} Iabor and turned barefooted manent cure migbt be effected. If, how- ever, he must be used, It may be done with very little anffering tothe horse, by apply- ing an elastic steel plate over the, whole sole, and stuffing the spate be. tween Tthe plate and the wale with- oaktum,-;~- saturated with pine tar. We have employ- | ed this method with great satiafactton-ja~ the case of tarsex tender from ma : ease, as pearly as we could determ? both front feet -[American Agricult for Jaonary. i v ud Smmmszacz or Coxs will trom 'he time it is husked (min: shock in the autuimo, is well cribs, from twenty to thirly perce spring. ~ That is 100 to 70 or 59, according to how: when gathered. Sount: twenty~per cont., so that forly cents bushel as it comes from the eld ¢ as 6lty cents in the spring.
