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CCC Winons'reu, RUSSELL, Publishers A FARM AND F1 RESIDE JOURNAL. Farm: filming. Beninunenoel ot Farm Life of Olden ose. >= Written expressly for Think Orszoo Famuzn,. vit - sy in Gno.of the- most- peculiar things -of the . times of which we are wrmng was the -hom nfacturine All-the-alothing ia process, except the \cards.\ Buch outfit formed a part of the fixtures of every. know ledge of their use, a «necessary 'ac- complishmeur. of every- marniageuble girl next t> the other absolutely requmtehouse— hold qualifications. How our mothers an grandmothers adcomplislied so much, is a harness,\! “reed, and COOPERSTOWN N. Y., SATURDAY jANUARY 2, 1886 pigeon b) the hundreds, purtioulurly at seed time and harvest. Thestreams, where now half of the year are only dry beds, svore-than-alive-with tho-finest-of-specsled- beauties, and ensily taught. Whoever supposes those days; were void of enjoyment and too, of even danger, has [never lived through, them, 'While travel- ing in an unfrequented road, it was moth. from debt and money pleaty in bank. Not) satisfied to lét well enough alone, he specu- luted 'thereafter in hops. A single year -aufleed: to-make-him-a- poor-man-ant heavy debts still unpaid, ___ i We might continue the list of successes. I .So, too, of losses, and in the end they prove simply a fortunate, or iinfortunate, occur—I rence or transaction. 'The test of the plan, manue worn or used on the premises was made} louselwldgmonbyv of motlce, had its wheels for lften and wool, and its loom for weaving, and all the necessary paraphernalia for making of terial-includi u pertinent enquiry, even to-day. No conveniences for capking, to he any- ing uncommon to be confronted by a fruge bear sitting on his hayunohes viewing you, rence success, or 1s fallure, must be, tak- en by its greafeat averages of loss orgain; of | d-leaye-ing.-where-it-e This rule nppltts to farming with as much foree as to any thing else. © 'We are ready to admit that mixed farm- State bulryinegx The meeting of the tion at Jamestown w needs, sometimes may nquh‘e a larger \In. vestments in tools and-outfit then would n specified single kind; yet we think it amp. ly pays in the ¢nd, for the diversity neces- sary in both the increase of outfit, .and practial farm knowledge, Then in addi- tion to the gain,feelings of ifidependence are -with those of modern times, 'Not a coolt stove or range in exist- fence. All culinary arts, not. finished in the oven, had to be accomplished over, and aid apparently calmly contemplating his chances; that too, when you did hot even care to dwell too long to consideryour own. The years preceeding our advent here, had ts success or failure. When we comll mence to so count, specialties, to 'the excltt- sion of 'mixed general farming, especially if hops be made the specialty, our examin- not to beoverlooked or underestimated. ~ is one of the chief Joys of agricultural life. To produce upon ones own farm, and under his own observation and care, as acly-all-our tha\ York. I g gal «becialty of d'afl'ylngf. state dniry eomnifasi flrutenuul-Governor‘ egt H Professor H. E. Alvord; Itoberts, J. T. Edwati Dr. o tevant, director of th station; Jesse Owen Blanchard of Chantaag Hl-rkllnnrl and others sun, rain-and ~dew. .--. --half-pound.each home-produced g-all- kinds of woolen and, huen or \linsey- woolsey\ goods. __ ~ chamber of my . grandfather s house. ~~was a perfect miniature manufactory. -Not |__ so very small either, for not less than eight wheels and two looms, with the other necessary fixings, were in operation quite a portion of the-year. 'The children and: grandchildren were numerous,' and my grandmpghar lost no opportunity to sup- ply every conceivable want .of as many of them as possible. To that end the manu- facturing machinery seldom was suffered to le idle, What would the girls of to- day think, if they were to be curried back «even to the customs of half a century ago? Each farmer raised a field of flax. When grown, it was pulled, bourd in small bundles, set up in the field to dry, and when dry threshed of its seed, and then spread in rows on the ground in a meadow usually, and \rotted as it was called, by \_When fore an open freplace and wood fire. But whoever thinks we fared worse, or eat poorer food than now, should aitend one or a Christmas dinner of those times. 'No process of cooking a turkey, or roasting a spare-rib, ever yet equilléd-the roasting of upen fire. Our grandfathers, dflehoun-h in those times called rich, did not on the average handle as much money in a year, as many a me- chanic of to-day does in a single month. Nor would the purchased articles, used in a large family or on a largo farm equal those of the commonest continually em- ployed laborer of to-day. 'They made their own sugar. They made their own cloth, and generally clothes. They had the leather tanned from the hides furnighed from their own stock, and made their own boots and shoes. They raised their own vegetables, grain, meats, in hort;-foods-of-all-kinds.-Thoy know greatly lessened these bear and wolf ad- ventures, but even then they were still common. 'We will be pardoned: for relat- 'of our husking-feasts, ors: thanksgiving; ing -an-incident -or two-in- the life- of one of the most prominent physicians of the day. Dr. McCourter then lived in what is now Cincinatus, in Cortland county, He was a them, we think, before a good hard wood | man of very extensive practice, as well as a very worthy, talented moan. He had been called to see a patient residing in the same valley (that of the Otselic,) some fifteen miles down »the river from home. It was after dark before he started on his return ride, Healways rode a good horse, and was himself rather light andsmall in stature. The road up and down the river was very good for a new country, but most of the way thro' unimproved forests. He had proceed- ed but abopt five miles homeward, before the hills commenced nearing each other, the valley between them becoming quitenarrow, as he enteredCortland county from Broome. He had for several minutes heard the; wolves howling and apparently answering- favor such course, It is a grave question | whether hops have not actually tended to | impoverish our county One great dim—l \\\ , on the average th farms are exhausted by it and no matter how great the gain, such gain is not in due proportion returned to the soil. And we know of no more certain way to impover- ish a country, then to destroy the fertility of its soil. Specialties in other kinds of farming in our localities, 'have proved more uniformly successful. Dairy farming, where all the attention has been given} exclusively to the making of butter, or cheese, and no other 'product except what was to tend to such end, pursued,» where- success has nearly uniformly rewarded the outlay and labor, but with no such extravagant gains, One gain in this pursuit has however been always certain, and that is improvement of condi- tion of soil, instead of its permanent exhaus tiom-and inj—n-rr as ation for the past forty years would: meuch as is pricticable -of those things | which he is to cat is certainly a source of unalloyed saflsfaction to every Intelligent | consiimer of food. It is a niatier of no small account, to know that the milk you use is clean, and from a healthy cow, that the meat you eat is froin a healthy animal, that your eggs are fresh and good, that the butter you spread upon your bread or use in your food is not a vile compound of grease from dead hogs or cattle, and that the cheese has some of the necessary arti- ticles of nutrition left in it. We may car- ry the same to even the flour, sugar) and syrup used in the family. If such positive knowledge of ones food, and its purity, is of no value in. making an estimate of loss or gain, happiness or mis- ery, certainty or doubt, we fail to be able to judge correctly of the true sources of hu- man wishes, desires or expectations~ _ We are confident an overstimaig.ds al- most universally made, upon the value of woaulth und the nhqnmmknmfg its MFM -% culled to order by .Preal 'but hearty address, to whl Hon. Porter Sheldon uf comer the associationto the responded in fitting term we could not be' proud-of dairymen during the past gil part in the bnsmau. using 44 per cent of all the mik, that a ray of light could tra. forcement of laws agaiust cleo oil is made out. of pig animals that have died-6f-choly islation in order to si see how the dairy ahouldjbe raib supportlug business again, buf; products. He avarred that one. Hover we shall hate to t esnrt m rv is cows of the dairy have only «voraf sufficiently rotted on one fide, a pole was slipped under the rows, and they were turned over, and the other side exposed, for the seme-purpose. - C When the rotting was completed, on a fair doywhen perfectly dry, it was raked up, and bound in large bundles, and secure- Jy housed, where it would remain dry. It was then ready for \'dressing.\ This work was generally done during the wint- er. The flax, by large handfulls, was \broke\ by means of a machine:called a \brake made so that by raising and fall- ing the top part, the bourds forming the brake would, by passing between each other, so break up the centre part that an» *'shives\ or wooly parts of the stalks would easily sepurate from the fiber coating, com- posing the flax. It next went through the operation of \swingleing\ by which the re- maining woody portion, or \shives were removed, and the handfuls so dressed, were twisted and doubled in the middle and tied into \heads\ weighing about one- Tt was thin ready for '\ or lawyer, in our grandfithers' familics, their sugar, syrup and honey was not glucose, or starch, or sand, They krew that their butter was not compounded of «ll sorts of uncertain things. They knew the milk they used was not chalk and wa- ter. They knew their clothing, even if , plain, was not made of shoddy and size. In the fall of the year the tailoress and shoemaker went from house to house, to manufacture the shoes, boots and clothes for those who had not the necessary arti- zans In their own families, All these things in spite of their plaioness, and ap- parent crudeness, were: not without their reward. All the.iftsiness for n physician although hoth were large, in fifty years, wouid wot hive supported cither fora sin- gle month in modern sty14. A spirit of hospitality existed in those times, in groat contrast to the exclusiveness of the present. We doubt whether iny grandfather's family, near whom we lived, averaged one meal per week at which the hold t [to snap, each other from the neighboring hills. As he neared the narrower valley above named, he th his horror found they were in large numbers, and were closing-in toward him. His horse seemed instinctively to tuke in the situation, and increased his speed, { Not long before the howling was behind him, instead of on the hills, and appa- rently much nearer. He then himself discovered thnt the whole pack were after him io full pursuit, and that his only safety was in flight. His horse was powerful, and of great speed. In a few minutes, casting a look behind, his vision was greeted with apparently doz- ens of blazing balls of firé, so glaring were the éyes of the wolves in the dark. His horse needed no urging, and was already in a run. The race continued for miles, the head wolves often approuching near enough though unsuccessfully, at the flanks of his horse, or the feet of its in: trepid rider, 'The Dr. knew himself safe, if his borse did not give out or stumble, but even such uncertrinty was not pleasant This soil exhausting process ever attends \certain specific Kinds of industry, During the past twenty-five yeurs our attention has been particularly called to it, in notic- ing the tobacco plantations of Maryland and Virginia, We have seen thousands of seres of forests, where the rows of the to- bacco hills were plainly visible in the sur- | face among the trees. The soil had been cropped, as long as it would pay to plant it, and then abandoned to let nature by her own but sure process restore its fertility. The same thing is' again repented in the cotton producing region still farther south. So; too, but perhaps not so rapid, in the whent growing country west. It must of necessity ever result where the exhnustive crop is made entirely an article of export from the soil of its production,. 'The cot- ton regions, since they commenced to make the seed a matter of commerce, greatly fa- cilitate the work of exhaustion; as such seed is found to be a powerful fertilizer fors most kinds of trees and plants. It is large- speedy accumulation. 'To it and for it, is being continually sicrifleed, the true happi- ness of the present ahd filso of future gener- ations even in advance of their existence. ' a 2 Cotd iw Horo-Now Remembert 1-That the bioo} circulating through every hiiman body must be kept, witter and simmer, night und day, at all seasons, and in all climes, at just about 98 @. If it rises ten degrees, death- is closeat hand. If it sinks ten degrees below 98%, unless qulidkly restored, the wheel of life will soon atop. The sumv is the case with all our domestic excepting that in sonia of them the normal temperature varies slightly from 98 degrees. 2-Thut, as a rule, all this heat is pro- duced fmside of the bodies of the human and every other animal, from the fuel taken in as food and slowly oxidized (burned) Iu the body; that excepting when the at- mosphere is 08 © or-higher; some of this heat is always escaping from the akin, and are: Mr. Lowis explxnued tothe alection. of Mr. Evart Professor Henry E. Alford the committee on the revision four sections. nceting to begin. addressed the convention on It invites our attention, he 000;000 of cows in. the United 81 per year. do with our milk, as that Auid the operation of \hockling which con- alsted in taking the hanks of flax in the hand, and drawing them through the *'hockle,\ a toothed machine, which sepa- rated the tow, or short fiber, from the finx.- This last operation fits it for the \distaff.\ The more thorough all these manipuli- tlons of \dressing\ have been performed, the finer and better the flax fiber for use, The flax wheels of our mothers and grandmothers, are now the parlor ornn- monts of the present generation. Seldom has a granddaughter éver seen them in any other use. It is really encouraging that the useful and indispensable tools of a form: er generation have become the treasured ornaments of the present. It is a worthy act, If Intended for, the honor of so noble and useful an industry. The tow passed through nn operation of carding, by means of band cards, which straighten and adjust the fiber, ready for spinning on the \big wheel,\ or the same one on which wool is spun and made into | yam. The \tow\ makes an inferior yarn compared with the flax; and is used for the '*Alling\ while the flax forms the yarn for the ''warp\ of many fabrics. 'Of coarse the best fabrics are made of all flax. Some: times ''cotton wool\ was mixed and carded with the tow to make filling. Sometimes all cotton was 10 used. 'The extra durability of the flax warp, over the tow filling, would. sometimes lead to singular looking cloth after use; the fill- Ing occasionally wenring out while the threads of the warp remained whole. The writer, when a boy, once went into a neighbor's with their son to take dinner. We had washed out doors and went into the kitchen to wipe, and stepped up to a long towel hanging to a roller, in which the mam had nearly all disappeared, feaving\the more durable warp. , ''Why, I mother,\ exclaimed our mm fn tha world did you ever get yare enough to make this big towel of clear yarn?\ 'The on came out so dry sayd earnest that tiie thought of it Hunt! tow yam was generally put through a process ef boiling in week lye, axd scouring before wesving, to soften it gud make if more plinble in the loom. Woolen yam was slso often scoured in soap suds and dried for the same purpose. Beéfors going into the loom the yam ‘mmgpme mama? for the. web, and the fling | oncommon occurrence. members of-their owai-houschoid-were- th only ones at. the tible. | Extra plates: were ever on the tableat meals, extra seats ready for any neighbor, or wryfuring man who was disposed to accept the ever extended hospitality, . In those times even the stage couch had not advanced to the anys of fis glory. Horseback riding, of both men and women was the rule. The steel spring vehicles of our modern times were in the undeveloped future, the era of railroads unanticipated; steambonts only made short trips, and people would no imore have expected. to burn anthracite coal, than they would the rocks of the hills. Even rubber goods as far buck as 1886, were confined to a coarse gum shoe, mould ed on clay, and ready. to melt into its orig- inal gum at. about blood hent. - Such were the first we ever saw Whatever one purchased that was not of home production cost high, whatever one had to sell of bis farm products sold low. 'There was no regular markets for any extra produce. - Butter in small quantities was bought at the stores, for which eight to twelve cents per pound was paid in goods. Eggs sold for six to eight cents per dozen, other things equally low. | Thirty to forty cents for rye, oats and whent in proportion. Corn was not much raised. Labor was extremely low. - Girls for spinning about three shillings per week and for house work in addition, four to five shillings. - Six shillings for the best of help was thought extrs high. | Tailoresses com- manded from twenty to twenty-five cents per day. Men were no better rewarded. From eight to twelve dollars a month would hire the best of hands during summer months. All, both men and women, were expected to work all the hours of daylight, except spinners, with them so much was called a day's work. The main portion of farm work was! clearing land. Each farmer chopping and logging from five to twenty acres accord- ing to the size of the famm. Timber in The nicest bemlock bark would bring only) six or eight shillings per cord deliverediat the tannery. Tosuve the necessary small sac of moneytheudmanaedfnméw tates, required misdprevim: aka};- tion. sional ciptare of a fine hog by; bear, or the killing of sheep by mammm Deet wire oftez| \We dire peranally performed every part b reaxialenture of cloth, from the, sowiz rs; m on \quills\ sulisblerfor 196) imeight.\ The wiy for woold puy iitca} 'open field Tike €ogs Paritiiges would ' cde Ito cdr orchards to pick bods fi to contemplate. So numerous were the pursuing wolves thit had anynecident occurred which would have brought horse or rider to the ground, not a bone of either would have remained unstripped for tem minutes. His horse proved fully sufficient for the race, and voluntarily increased his speed as It be-! came necessury for their mutual safety. So desperate were the wolves that several of them followed him until he passed his barn, and two of them until he arrived at the door of his dwelling, and even then seemed loth to give up their anticipated feast. About the year 1840 the writer built a gristmill for the Dr. and this together with some other of his personal adventures which will follow, are from his own re- cital of the facts and incidents as related,' nt that time» oen ilo Mixed Farming Compared with Specinitles. Written expressly for the Orszeo Famwan n. it BARKER It bas been un unsettled question wheth- era specialty, and all the energy turned upon that one thing, was not the true course for success in farming. The plan has many strong advocates, and arguments seemingly uncontrovertable huye been ad- duced in its support. Many instances of signal success by such course, bave come directly under our per- sonal observation. We will note a few, A few, years since an nequsintance in this county purchased on credit a fine farm, on which was a hop vard of a number of acres. The hops of that year brought high fig- ures, and the farmer, from the single crop. paid for the farm and has over a thousand dollars besides. , Bome years since we were in Washington Lcounty in this State, ata railroad station. Potatoes were being loaded extensively and were worth about ome dollar per bushel. potato -culture -in county, our in- Y Hormiant; pointing towards some buildings eran elevation some two or three miles mafimidfmoym ste those buildings Fonder by those evergreens, with the white hm?” View in the affirmative, Aocks during witter Meihfis fhe Tay seed, totlis taking the, mama heh with « ero sut of thaioont and becos, gio and arrow. | Squirrels were fiwmmmwmmwfiofeemmwwmdm m5 While standing discussing the advantages ngo trous in Florida, Itis used in the form of meal upon the surface soll with wonderful effect. To the true political economist these mat- ters of soil exhaustion are looked upon with feelings of singgre regret. He sees in such course loss to our country, with no corres- ponding gain. Such farming is virtually living upon our posterity. We are taking in advance their inheritance. What avails it, that we leave our children the best form of government on earth, the best code of mors, and of Inws, if at thesame time we transmit to them a soil exhausted, desolate, and barren? These nre questions pertinent for the consideration of all statesmen, and philanthropists. © Aunother drawhack to this special agri- culture is the fact that very often the price realized, is barely sufficient to pay for'the Ishor of production. In such cases great loss is the result. Food is to be bought. debts paid, necessaries supplied to sustain life. and often, too, by anticipating the avails of future Inbor in some form. These nre a part of the disadvantages which must ever result from too. universal a system of special farming. How does this special system cotmpare with mixed farming? Wo will make a few comparisons. The farmer who keepssome cows, raises some young stock, has a small flock of sheep, mises the wheat and other grains he consumes both for family and stock, raises all necessary roofs and fruit, may not in a single year meet the gains of the specialists; but it will be readily observ- cd that be must in a decade or any speci- fied number of years be far in advance. And beside his general practice, if pursued with ordinary care, will increase, instead of diminish, the fertility of the sof}. Such a course of agricalture fs enriching, not only the present generation, but also pos- [ terizy besides. If dull or hard times, or low prices oc- cur, they affect him simply upon the sur- pina he has to sell; not. on the great bulk he cousumes. Butter, cheese, pork and beef, wheat and com, in short.all the pro- ducts of té farm we roust use, are equally necpsssry and nourishing, whether the sell- ingpriceistencentsor tendoUars. And at the seme time the chances are, that the gain on such surplus will average equally as well as they will with the specialist. Another advantage of mixed farming is the. probable chance of estape from some unexpected carimity, Eke droufh, blight, &n n ; c ‘Wfamsfim ; . m3?)- { baust beat much faster than still air. flmwmdzhmmm - of by- tho-broath>-- - 8--That if there is not fresh food enough in the body to procure the required heat to maintain the blood at 98°, then natnré. has provided that the fat and tissue stored | up from food previously consumed shail be‘ drawn upou, and uscd jn producing this heat. 4-That heat has a constant tendency to equalize itself In all substances fo contact, aud that the colder the air is next the skin, the more rapidly does the heat of the body pass off luto it; aud that (as noted else. where) inoving air, or wind currents, ex- 5-That all the heat leaving the bodies of men or other animals must be constant- ly resupplied by new heat, and that this requires more food to be consumed, of the using up of more fat aod tissue that have accumulated. §-That any protection to mon or other animals which prevents cscape of hes from their bodies, saves a proportionate mmount of food, or of fat or flesh that would be used up in supplying the heat al- ways required. 7-That warming the air arousd the bodies, or surrounding. them with clothing or blankets, or walls, or sheds, or wind breaks, to keep culd air away, and especial- ly cold moving air, helps preveut the es- cape of heat and saves food, or the using up of fat or flesh, 8-That the warmer this protection for men, for horses, catile, sheep, bags, or poultry, the less will be the escape of heat, the less will bo the food required, theless will be the waste of fat or flesh previously stored. 9-That nature has so arranged the ln- ternal toachinery of men. and ail other sn- imals, that of the food eaten, enough shall be used to keep up 98 degrees of beat; mammal, there I say leff after sup. and third, that if after thesears man of ef &Di of fat and flesh. 10-TFhat in- so much ford to krcplmwm that they can sot lay on moch fat fiesh; and so it is far less profitable to gfipfatm‘Si-gmwinlmmim nally, poctant; Is and clear thet the warineriithe asitoule « «B tindsars kept, the more that. , it Takes fe Oher -sulstances vibout-olm charnoter. Millchas all that is necessary body, such as fat and sugn, bninoids, hydro-carbons, wat wbout equally proportioned, peculiarities in of mice. 'Take tho facts of milk. found that this is made up of stcarine and oleine. No you gee I of butter is very complex in tlesnake, but they are different Qne molesule of sugar of mil «alts, It is almost a universal skimmed milk $ 0x. of yset 81 children as the whole wil, Now what determined the not one that will tival the lit plying this beat, enough shall be ored to- testore the natural wastes of the systein; | n0%e that 'will vival ths -Holststa amwant of cassin-in -her mille: vided for, there is more food, that mm—w the ot will Increased The States senator, because be had opiniod in favor of the oleo maul sothe minor changes being mady\ 'the changes were agree aud the second Tuesday in Decem fixed upon'@s the regular, time for. Professor J. 'C. Edwards of Randal Tug or MIL | vast commercial Ttportance, and al its great complexity. MAE“ walnut} milk to'the exteut of $,600,000, OOQjfllbhs It has been said that wes vanciog back ward in asking what we erytbing that any of its products ea The speaker explained that by a | we mean a compound 'that ts com Solutions are uufmunv ¢ al which cohesion gets the better of adh coi brouzht together and combmetlfi“ because of this action of chemical MB It- The 6 imale whose milk is nearest alike are and the ass, which may account. fof The albumen of an agg ts exacily thtrmmv“ ' in its composition as the venom of a ral and casein and albumen are also isoment up into four molecules of lactic acld. Tid is probably brought about by the séti oxygen. Also in 100 Tbe of milk, would have about 6-10ihs of a pdand skimmed milk in good for nothfog chemistry shows that it is almost ai: ble as the milk. If you addr ® just as valuahie product for 144 take milk apart and then put The ents together, the product will not same and will oot nouffelh min erties of these substances? . It in first-place bythebtebd of at of. said, F tates, -glwio bas Jo to h erand the Buman - <, € It tins «bock 2 pub-marina?\ Inqtdqlghplr © itn makeup.] ty combloci kc. will bréa 1 error <
