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i i INDIAN TIME •••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••a CANsAM LACROSSE News Gomitiuiiity Events Archaeology and Akwesasne Mow Much Technology is Appropriate Killing Us Slowly... Poetry AKWESASNB FRIENDSHIP IMA YS \Dancing beneath the arbor at the N.A.LT.C. Friendship pay, July 30.\ LEAGUE LEADING SCORERS 1. GREG TARBELL/T-Birds (32-43-75) 2. MARK THOMAS/T-Birds (28-30-58) 3. JOHN OAKES/Akwesasne (37-19-56) 4. REX LYONS/Syracuse (31-22-53) 5. LARRY KING/t-Birds (28-23-51) 6. TOM THOMAS/T-Birds (21-27-48) i NEXT SERIES: JULY Warriors play at Kanawake 8:00 ! ' SATt T-Birds play Syracuse at Water St 8:00 SUNi Kanawakc plays Warriors at Water Stj. Arena 8:00 SUN: T-Birds play Syracuse in Syracuse at tl^e War Memorial • - .:'•'••-•\ .•'••'• - 1 THERE WILL BE A SPECTATOR BUS FOR THE SYRACUSE GAME — contact Monica (Frosty) Jacobs on St. Regis Road for reservations. The price will be $ 10.00 which includes ad- mission to the game VOLUME 1, NUMBER 3 JULY 29, 1983 PRICE: $ .50 PCB's: i^S&M& CONCERNS AND EFFECTS \...it has been generally concluded that PCB's are transferred to the fetus through the placenta.\ In the last issue of Indian Time, the article \Alphabet Soup\ focused on the chemistry and various industrial uses of Polychlorinated Biphenyls .(PCB's). In this issue we will examine • the concerns of PCB's in the environment and their effects, on .(he .\' inhabitants of that environment who become exposed to PCB's at various points along the food chain. Studies have shown that PCB's cause toxic effects in animals and in humans. PCB's enter the environment, and therefore the food chain, in several ways.. • Microorganisms and plants take in traces of PCB's-from the air, ground, and water. The concentration of PCB's begins at the very base of the food chain. Fish and animals feed on the ; plants and microorganisms, and these fish and animals are in turn eaten by' other life forms such as birds and mammals which includes human beings. The PCB content and concen- tration increases at each step along thi ifeod chain until it reaches human food sources. At this point, the food may be\ contaminated in concentration levels above what is con- sidered 'safe' for human consumption, assuming that any . level of PCB's is 'safe.' Human beings at the end of the food chain receive perhaps the highest dose of PCB's. According to the New York State Department of Health (DOH), an estimated 1,000 tons of PCB's fall to the ground each year with precipitation in rain and snow and with dry particulates. Although PCB fallout may be carried thousands of miles, the highest concentrations of PCB's are found around industrial areas. . , ; Nearly three fourths of discarded PCB's are dumped or disposed of on the land. Depending on the geology of the dump site, the PCB's can seep down into the soil and into subterranean ground waters, or carried by rain and melted ' snow into adjacent waterways. . . In the years before the effects of PCB's and other chemicals were known, industries 'routinely' disposed ojf. these chemical wastes into rivers, lakes, and oceans. The Hudson River, for example, has accumulated more than 630,000 pounds of PCB's in its sediments /rom years of in- dustrial dumping. PCB's are carried for miles in the water and sediment and widely dispersed throughout the environ- ment, thus affecting the river water, fish, plants, and wildlife. The entire food chain of the Hudson River environment has been contaminated by PCB's. . According to a 1975 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) study, the average adult American consumes \9 micrograms of PCBi daily. PCB's are commonly found in trace amounts in many foods, the highest levels being found in milk, eggs, chicken, turkey, beef, and especially fish. PCB's also enter the body from the air through breathing or skin absorption. PCB's accumulate in the body and are stored in fatty tissue. PCB's are highly toxic agents which cause harmful effects in numerous animal species including human beings. MonT santo Company, the only U.S. producer of PCB's, voluntari- ly restricted its sales to closed systems in transformers and capacitors. However, PCB containing equipment can be, ; damaged and leak, and accidents during transport may result in spills of the chemical. PCB's do not break up easily and rev main extremely persistent in the environment, and human exposure via air, food, and water will continue to be a serious health problem for many years. Most; of the knowledge , regarding human health effects come from work site exposure and the Yusho Incident in japan, 1968. Toxic effects in human beings include an acne- like skin eruption called chloracne, pigmentation of the skin .and, nails, distinctive hair follicles, excessive eye discharge, swelling of the eyelids, headache, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, disgestive disturbances and liver dysfunction. . Workers exposed to FCB's in an industrial setting develop skin cysts and blackheads, usually on the face and ears, but such sores, have been .reported on numerous other- areas of ; the body. Even after removal from the exposure site, skin! sores persisted for several months, and in some cases, four years. In several cases, systemic (entire bodily system) e f-', feets h«ve occurred, with - -symptoms induding 1 nauseJ?* lassitude (fatigue and listlessness), anorexia (lack of appetite), disgestive disturbances, impotence, and hematuria (blood in urine).. \• ;,_••.'.. • v ' • .•'.•••.,.•''',.-'•.- In Japan, 1968/ a heat exchanger leaked PCB's and con- taminated a shipment of rice oil. Toxic effects were documented in over 1,000 Japanese people who were ex- posed to the contaminated rice oil. The first people affected developed skin cysts mainly on the face and ears, but also on other parts of the body. In the more severe cases, individuals developed the systemic effects described above in work site exposure. The severity of symptoms are directly related to the amount of PCB's ingested. The PCB concentration in the rice bit was known to have been 2,000 to 3,000 parts per million (ppm). In the epidemiological study of 325 cases, the average quantity of the contaminated rice oil consumed by patients was 800 milliliters over an 8 to 9 month period. The average dose of PCB's ingested by affected individuals was 2 grams, arjd the smallest dose was estimated to be 0.5 grams. . The children of 13 women, 9 of whom consumed between 0.3 tp 2.6 liters of the contaminated rice oil during pregnancy;, were studied for possible teratogenic (abnormal growth) effects. Eleven of the children were born alive and two were stillborn. The babies had a characteristic grayish, dark brown skin pigmenta- tion, five bad dark nails and gums, and nine had increased eye discharge. A more detailed study of four of the babies revealed abnormalities which included enlarged frontal sagittal suture (roof of the skull). Their faces were edematous (watery swelling) with abnormal protrusion of eyeballs. As a result of such symp- toms, it has been generally concluded that PCB's are transferred to the fetus through the placenta. : As if tills were not enough, it has been discovered that con- siderable concentrations of PCB's may also be found in human mothers milk. Samples of human milk from two cities in Califor- nia contained average PCB levels of 60 parts per billion (ppb), while average levels in Sweden were 16 ppb, and 100 ppb in d*r- many. Based on the dairy milk intake of infants in California, breast fed babies would ingest at 3 times the 'recommended reasonable dose.' It would seem that we have become accustom- ed to accepting things, like so-called Acceptable Daily Intake' or 'Recommended Reasonable Dose' as being stfe amounfif'of poisons that we may consume. When it comes to poisoning our babies, any dose must be recommended unreasonable. Dan Thompson (rokwaho) (Sources- of information for this article cam from the New York Sfofc DtpK of Health, and from (he research of Edward ]. Cakbrest of ike Unto, of Massachusetts and Alfred J. Samson of the Unto, of Illinois Medical Center.) . ; FISH HATCHERIES: This is not a new idea. People have long thought that the Mohawk community should have their own fish hat- cheries and holding tanks to stock our rivers with \cleaner\ fish th,an are in the contaminated rivers. We must do it, because no one else: will. The state stocks above Robert Moses Power Dam, 'and this is done to boost tourism in the Massena-Alexandria Bay area. But of course, from the Moses Power r^^6%W'ttrTatteyfield, there is no stocking offish at all. But we d o get all the pollutants from their industry. A fair trade? FIRST: The water must be as clean as possible to raise clean fish. That means we can't even use the river water, unless it is filtered in state of the art filtration systems, and even still this will not clean out all the contaminants. Filtered rain- water from collection tanks will also help..But what is most important is finding a source of water that is not too hard with local minerals to feed the holding tanks with. With all three sources (arid even bringing in clean water from SOMEPLACE that is still relatively clean will do the job.) SECOND: the fish...Walleye are the most readily adapted to the area, and there can be other stockings of trout, perch, bass, catfish, bass and the possibility of salmon and strugeon experimental projects. Walleye and some others are can- nibalistic, so they can't be held for long, and the fry dumped into the rivers on a more immediate schedule. Others that can be stocked in holding tanks will be tagged, so that they can be tested after so many seasons to gauge contamination of exact pollutants, The breeding of near extinct species would be of enourmous value andxould justify certain types of conservation grants, as well for the basic idea of our own control of protein and tourist income. THIRD: The fish hatcheries should be enclosed inside con- structed shells. It is much easier to build a \normal\ con- struction powered by the \normal\ power grids. But to fur- ther enhance our own resource capabilities, we should also look at the possibility of turning over some of these hat- cheries to innovative alternative energy systems and con- structing self-contained SYMBIONIC BIOSPHERES. Inside these sphere, the waters would be like a moat where fish can be stocked, and clean the water, and the water would be recycled by evaporation. This evaporation would give the biosphere it's clean water for consumption, also re-enter the holding tanks, and any waste water also filtered and used for hydroponic gardens and growing food. As long as water has only organic waste, evaporation can be used to filter the water and you return with clean, consumable water. The Biosphere is needed to keep out contaminants from the air, earth and water. These contaminants will not stop over- night, and we must work around them. We have no choice in this matter, if we want the cleanest possible sources of protein, water and food. . These systems would include: solar, wind, methanol from waste, ethanol from corn, mini-dams to create electricity in self-contained units, or water wheels in the rivers to supply our own power. The water must always be flowing: So the pumps are important, and the energy used to run the pomps should ideally be controlled by us in the case of any emergency power situations. This way we would not be dependent on the Niagara-Mohawk or Canadian hydo power grids. Windmills could turnover the water, as could back-up, metrianol or ethanol fuel. Solar could help heat the whoie biosphere, but with so much (ree water Involved solar can not be the sole heating method. Burning wood is another possibility, as a back system in the winter. Also'if kilns were installed within a -work area In or attached to the biosphere, the heat from continously used kilns could also be used for auxUary heat, again heated by wood. It is waste we are look- ing here. As Uttle waste as possible, and using any extra energy created to power another backup system, so that all systems are interlinked. : FUNDING: Tribal councils should apply for conservation and renewable energy grants. There could be three hat- cheries; One normal construct, two experimental units, and one of these should be a self-contained unit. Conservation people could be funded by grants, but once available, you should never count on contribution of grants. Income could be generated by the sale of excess power (best case scenario), income could be saved by creating own power (after large initial investment from showcase or demonstrator renewable energy grants), and income from sale of stocks of fish to other communities. THE RIVER: How about harvesting eel for skin? Cayiar from sturgeon? fish leather* »•_., Please contact INDIAN TIME for any further information, cost figures, any fish & stocking'data, construction figures and material, any systems of interlinking energy sources. This will be a continuous project until there's a proposal drawn up and it is submitted by people who truly believe in this project and its benefit for the community. We can only submit, and continue to sumbit with proper research, until its accepted somewhere and then the real work will begin. — Alex Jacobs GREENHOUSES The strongest recommendation for the building of per- sonal greenhouses - is wholesome food year-round. One. greenhouse should supply a variety of kitchen plants and herbs. The other should be utilized for big production and varied crops year-round. A sunspace added to ibe home will not only provide heat, but will provide plant growth to sup- plement clean oxygen. Individuals should consider purify- ing their own water to reduce the contaminants ingested through well water and piped water. This can be achieved by collecting rainwater and filtering it constantly, always changing your filter material to prevent bacteria from collec- ting. Every avenue help* you and your family. Fresh, healthy food is only the beginning. Every sub at individual freedom is a blow against negative profit makers. •«•••••««••••••••••••••••••••• to
