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SUN. VOL. XLI. FT. COVINGTON, N. Y.. THURSDAY. APRIL 29. 1926. NO. 52 \THE SUN\ * A LIVE W EEKLV NEW8PAMR Printed and Published at FORT COVINGTON Franklin Co, N. Y , by ISAAC N. LYONS Offio* on Water Street TERMS! $1.60 a Year Within 150 Mile* tSLOO a Year Outalde 160 Canada, $2.00. General Business Directory W. N. MACARTNEY Physician and Surgeon Fort Covlnflton, N. Y. Offloe hours: 2 to 3 I W. BLACKETT, B.A., M.D., CM. COVINQTON, N. Y. Member of Collar* erf Physlclani and Surfe of Quebec Office Hours: 1 to 4 P. M. and 7 to 8 Ml GEORGE J. MOORE LAWYER Office second entrance eaat of Feo- pie's Bank, Malone, N. T. Ne~w 867. FREDERICK G. PADDOCK Lawyer 36 West Main Street, Malone, N. Y. Specializes in drawing and probate of Wills, Administration of Estates, Accounting of Executors, Administra- tors, Guardians and Trustees. G. L. REGAN Lawyer Oflfo* over the PoetofRoe FORT COVINQTON, N~ Y, H*r« Wednesday and ThurwU/ each week. Learn Fine Points of Baking 1—Scene at the starting of the first air-mail plane from Los Angelas to Salt Lake City. 2—Daughters of the American Revolution in their continental congress in Washington. 3—Tremendous explosion of lava, smoke, dust and rocks when Kilauea volcano in Hawaii erupted, pouring lava down the mountain side to the sea A kitchen w.th the last *ord in baking equipment has been installed at the Washburn Extension w.li cago. 1 he students furnish the money with which to buy the ingredients and are given the food after beeu taught how to prepare and cook i t tool in Chi- they hava ISAAC N. LYONS FORT COVINQTON, N. Y. Notary Public With Seal Call or addreas THE SUN office. G. C. ANDERSON —Dentist- Fort Covlngton Gas Administered watt YOUR PRINTING b AYifatbk AMI W* Help Oar Cat- toners to SOCOMS With Pr^entabW, Profitable puBLicrry Mm! fir H AS been resporv sibfe far thousands of business nicoetsci throughout the country. Everybody in town may know you but they don't know what you have to seiL AdWJiiai Will Help !•• NEWS REVIEW OF CURRENT EVENTS Senate Ratifies Settlement of Italy's Debt—Turkey Alarmed by Mussolini. By EDWARD W. PICKARD S ETTLEMENT of Italy's war debt to the United States, as arranged by the joint debt commissions, was finally approved by the senate, de- spite the efforts of a considerable number of both parties led by Sen- ators Borah and Reed. The vote in favor of the funding of the debt was 54 to 33. * Reed of Missouri voted in the affirmative in order that he might make, next day, a quite useless mo- tion to reconsider so that Senator ! Howell's amendments might be de- j bated. The Italian agreement provides for the funding of a debt of $2,042,000.- 000, including principal and accrued interest, over a period of 6i! years. During the first five years Italy is to pay $5,000,000 annually without inter- est. After the first five years interest is fixed at one-eighth of 1 per cent for ten years and thea increases, for successive ten-year periods, to one- fourth of 1 per cent, one-half of 1 per cent, three-fourths of 1 per cent. 1 per cent, and, for the last seven years, 2 per cent.. When the agreement is fully car- ' ried out, for an original debt of $1.- | 648,000.000 the United States will ] have received during the period a to- | tal of $2,407,000,000* of which $759,- j 000,000 is interest. I The calculation that the Italian funding represents a settlement of 28 [ cents on the dollar is based on the ; difference between interest paid by \ Italy for 62 years and the 4 1 4 per 5 cent paid by the United States gov- ; ernment to Liberty bond holders who ! furnished > the money for the war : loans. i Consideration of the debt settle- | ments with Belgium and other minor ! countries was begun by the senate. j with every prospect that the terms I agreed upon would be ratified. I Dispatches from Paris said Premier ! Briand had informed the foreign af- j fairs committee of the French senate 1 that Ambassador Berenger and Secre- I tary ot the Treasury Mellon had 1 agreed in principle on a plan for ; funding the French debt. It was un- derstood the political and commercial debts would be merged and that France would pay annuities, beginning I at $25,000,000 and rising to $100,000,- ! 000, until 62 years have elapsed. While i the \safeguard clause\ is to be aban- • doned, France's capacity to pay at any I time in the future might be revised on the basis of the amount it was pos- I sible to collect from Germany. Advertising is th« fer- tilizer of duir \ •oil. Its work i> magic Thin,. w«»*ened trad* becomes » thing ol power when in roots ~ •unlight of publicity >efer- ^ Thin 1 Mtteafthy I IT ISSUB I THE MERCHANTS WHO ADVER- TISE IN THIS PAPER WILL GIVE YOU BEST VALUES FOR YOUR MONEY. R EPRESENTATIVE GORMAN of Illinois, who said he wanted to save his colleagues In other states from being defeated on the World court issoe as was Senator McKinley, offered in the house a resolution re- pudiating the Burton resolution ap- proving American adhesion to the World court, passed by the house a year ago. The Gorman resolution would have the house of representa- tives express the hope that the United States will immediately take the neces- sary steps to keep out and stay out oC the World court. The resolution pro- vides further that the house \express its disapproval of the League of Na- fious nnd its agency, the World court, ;md declare that It will not make any appropriation for dues or other ex- penditure* of (he United Stntes as an integral part of (he discredited World rourt or of the British seven-votes-to- our-or.H I.ea-ue of Nations.\ Rocreiary of State Kellogg, ex- pressing the administration view that no new agreement fs necessary to give efTect to the conditions and reserva- tions on which the United States Is prepared !<p adhere to the permanent court of international justice, has for- mally declined to send a delegate to Geneva !n September to explain those conditions nnd reservations to the con- ference of the forty-eight signatory powers of the court. He pointed out that the senate reservations provide specifically that they must be ac- cepted by an exchange I of notes be- tween the United States and each of the powers and said he saw no diffi- culty in the way of securing the as- sent of each signatory in this way. Greece already has accepted the Amer- ican reservations. B ENITO MUSSOLINI and his Ro- man empire plans continue to ex- cite and disturb the Old world. The latest story is that Italy and Greece have made a secret treaty directed against Turkey and that if they are able to carry out their plans Italy will get a huge slice of southern Asia Minor including the port of Selenti and that Greece will recover Smyrna and Constantinople and the contigu- ous territory. Jugo-Slavia is to be given a piece of Albania, all of which country she wants. England's neu- trality it is hoped can be obtained through support of her claims to Mosul and promises to end the Fascist agitation in India; and the assistance of France is to be the price of help in the pacification of the Druses in Syria. That there is something in this story is indicated by the alarm manifested by Turkey. She has been calling out her classes of recruits for intensive military training, and great military maneuvers are to be held by President Mustapha Kemal Pasha next month in western Asia Minor. Extensive fortirication against the Greeks along the Theacian frontier is reported. Naturally Turkey is eagerly seeking British support. It was said in Lon-^ don that Sir Austen Chamberlain let Angora know that if it wanted real protection it must join the League of Nations as soon as possible. The An- gora government is divided, some lead- ers favoring the plan to yield to Eng- land in the matter of Mosul, and others urging that the support of Russia be accepted and the British defied. Kemal i« said to be of the latter party. LAL officers, bishops and other *• clergymen, heads of reform or- ganizations and various other persons followed one another in rapid succes- sion before the senate committee to tell of the benefits wrought by prohi- bition and to decry the suggestion of weakening the enforcement law. United States District Attorney Ed- win A. Olson of Chicago was one of the witnesses, and he at least suc- ceeded In arousing the anger of Chi- cago's officials. Making vigorous charges of lax enforcement of the criminal laws In Chicago, he said it was safer for a man there to commit daylight robbery with a gun than to violate the Volstead act, and added that that act has not yet had an honest chance in Chicago and that prior to 1923 it had no chance whatever. \I do not know. 1 * he said, \how many stills are operating in Chicago. but there are many. It is safe to as- sume, however, that there is not a still of importance in any police precinct that is not known to the police in that precinct and that it would not be a very big job for 5,000 policemen to pull out by the roots every outlaw still in Chicago in twexity-four hours.\ He said the citizens of Chicago have not \intestinal fortitude enough to provide themselves with the kind of local government that will send mur- derers and robbers where they he- long.\ In a fine frenzy of rage Mayor Dever, accompanied by Chief of F'olk-e Collins, started at once for Washing- ton and in the last hours of the hear- ing they told the senators tkat Mr. Olson was a prevaricator and. in ef- fect, was \'all wet\ Mr asserted the. only men In Chicago who tried hon- estly to enforce the Volstead act were Chief Collins and himself, and that Mr. Olson never did act until they forced him to do so. Dr. .1. M. Doren. chief chemist for (\Jenernl Andrews, presented figures to show that District Attorney Bnckner of New York grossly exaggerated the amount of industrial alcohol diverted to Illegal uses. Father Cumin of Wilkesbarre contradicted the testi- mony of Father Kasaczun concerning conditions in the anthracite region. Charles Stelzie denied thnt organized labor was a unit for modification of the Volstead act. And S. L. Striv- ings, representative nf the National Orange, testified the farmers were for strict enforcement, admitting under cross-examination that they would be opposed to repeal of section 20 which permits farmers to make wine and elder for their own uso. Those were only a few of the more important of the many witnesses heard. New York's legislature passed a bill for a state referendum on whether congress should modify the enforce- ment act to permit the manufacture, sale and use of beverages not in fact intoxicating, as determined in accord- ance with the laws of the respective states. The United States Circuit Court of Appeals in New York handed down a decision which seriously affects the rum treaties with Great Britain and Norway and may even render them in- valid. The decision held that the treaties under which the government had been boarding vessels within an hour's steaming distance of the coast do not constitute a law extending ter- ritorial limits of the United States be- yond the three-mile limit. It was ren dered in dismissing the libel proceed- ings brought by the government against the Sagatind. a Norwegian ves- sel, and the Diamautina, which flew the British flag. DEACE negotiations of the French, * Spanish and Riff representatives reached a deadlock and the conference was adjourned indefinitely to permit the delegates to get further instruc- tions from their governments. Mean- while a truce was declared in Moroc- co, which may, however, be broken at any moment. General Simon, chief of the French delegation, says France is determined to make peace with the Riffians. He declared: \Our firm in- tention is not to resume war, despite certain misunderstandings and excep- tions taken by the Riffian delegation In their communique. We shall re- sume war only if we are absolutely driven to it.\ PEKING'S fate and that of the * • Chinese government hangs in the balance. When the national army abandoned the capital President Tuau resumed the control but a day or two later, as troops from Marshal Chang's Manchurian army entered the city he tied to Tientsin with his adherents. Marshal Wu Pei-fn has not, at this writing, declared himself and remains with his forces outside Peking. Pub- lic bodies are urgiug that he and Chang set together and form a govern- ment, but in Canton it is predicted tiiat the two marshals will clash and that complete chaos in northern China will result. The Canton government sees in this a chance to overthrow militarism and unite the country on the principles of Dr. Sun YaC-sea. D AUGHTERS of the American Rev- olution, holding their thirty-fifth continental congress, were addressed by President Coolidge, who called es- pecial attention to the increasing dis- regard for voting, warning that It threatened the doom of the republic. '\The perilous aspect of this situa- tion.\ said the President, \lies in its insidiousness. With the broadening of popular powers, the direct election of practically all public officials, and the direct nomination of most of them, there is no opportunity for an expres- sion of the public win ^xcept at the ballot box. We are placing our reli- ance on the principle of self-govern- ment. But if the people fail to vote. j r government will be developed which ' 5s not their government.\ j Mrs. Alfred Brosseau of Connecticut j was elected president general of the j society wkliout opposition. O GPEN T M'CLURG of Chicago, wealthy head of the publishing J house that beats his name and one of the country's leading explorers and yachtsmen, died suddenly of cerebral hemorrhage soon after returning from a 'rip *o Yucatan. During the war he was a lieutenant commander in the navy and chief of staff for Captain i MofTett at the Great Lakes station. Another notable death of the week was rhat of Sir Squire Bancroft, vet- eran actor-manager who was known as the dean of the English stage. T RIAL of Col. A. S. Williams of the marines by court-martial In San Diego on charges of Intoxicatiqn pre- ferred by Gen Smedh?y Butler Is be- lieved to have resulted *n his convic- tion, though the verdict has not been made public. The case attracted wide attention because at the time of the alleged offense General Butler had Just been the colonel's guest at a party where cocktails were served. Reviews School Gains in 25 Years Specialist Cites Advances in Vocational and Scien- tific Fields. Washington.—James F. Abel, as- sistant specialist in foreign education systems of the United States bureau of education, in reviewing the ad- vances made on education in the last quarter of a century, calls attention to the changes brought about by the war resulting In new countries and marked changes in others. He says Bome of the new constitutions con- tain virtual educational bills of rights. It is declared thut reforms afrecttns; entire systems of schools were at- tempted and carried out with more or less success by several of the large nations. The scope of education was almost doubled in breadth by the fur- ther inclusion of scientific and voca- tional training, a training for citizen- ship and services and its adoption by a number of countries as a matter of national promotion and support. Bet- ter care for the physical welfare of mankind through teaching children es- sential health habits, arranging games and athletics for all rather than a few, erecting finer school buildings to fur- nish good and pure air and insisting on medical inspection as a directive more than a defensive activity had their practical beginnings. It Is pointed out that on the conti- nent of Europe alone twelve nations j adopted new constitutions in the four- and-one-half year period between July, 191S, and December, 1922. -Nine of these were new nations whose people had long been subjected to a kind of denationalization through having their racial customs and traditions ignored,\ says Mr. Abel, \their religion sup- pressed and their native tongues more or less outlawed. Gains in Colonies. \They wrote into their constitutions a recognition of the right of national minorities to education in the mother tongue and to the development of their own racial literature and culture. Oth- er clauses in another of the new con- stitutions amount to a veritable edu- cational bill of rights. A uniform school system for all children, with special privileges for no social class, variations being permitted only for different vocational and local inter- ests, is the common ideal. \Colonial policies In education and their results have stood out in bold relief in this first quarter of the Twen- tieth century. As a part of the re- sponsfbillties which they assumed in consequence of the Spanish-American war, the United States set about the education of their new citizenry and rapidly developed in the Philippines nnd Porto Rico systems similar in plan to those in the continental states. In the Philippines they undertook to pro- vide some 12,000,000 of people with a common language and through it a training that would mold those peo- pie into a self-reliant, self-dependent body. Philippine schools from kinder- garten to university grade now enroll more than one and one-quarter mil- at a yearly cost of more than 23.000- 000 pesos. '\In Porto Rico the .government of the United States found a population at least 80 per cent illiterate, no public- school buildings, elementary education provided for less than one-fifth of the school children and no instruction on the island in advanced grades or of quality sufficient to prepare a student for admission to a good college. Out of that situation a complete education- al system has been Wrought, reaching approximately one-fourth of a million students and costing annually about $4,000,000. Vastly more has been ac- complished in 25 years in these two insular areas than was brought about in several centuries under a govern- ment neglectful of the place of educa- tion in wise colonial policies. \Directors of education follow close- ly or accompany the governors gen- eral sent out to the colonies by the government of the British empire. Autonomous universities have grown apace in numbers and wealth through- out most of its dominions in recent years. Cambridge and Oxford local examinations are held in many of the colonies as a way of opening to co- lonials attendance at British univer- sities. New Organizations Start. '\Engaging in and I/ringing to an end great military conflicts necessarily cre- ated new international contacts. These carried over into education and gave added impetus and force to generous policies such as were initiated by Ce- cil Rhodes. Considerably more than a hundred private organizations sprang up, most of them in the past decade, and they are carrying out their purposes in the promotion of one or another phase of education in interna- tional relationships. Several of these were world associations claim- ing no less than all nations and all ! peoples as their field for further mu- tual understanding of and progress In education. International exchange of students, teachers and research work- ers in the spirit that science and learn- ing know no political boundaries was established and Is growing rapidly. \The educational revival In Mexico was concerned with improving exist- ing schools and establishing new ones, encouraging industrial and technical education, providing more libraries and books, gathering and conservatinaj the historic and artistic material of the country, aiding poor children and reducing illiteracy. The ministry of public instruction was recreated and reorganized and budgets far in excess of those for previous years were pro- posed and expended. \The program of federal participa- tion in and partial direction of voca- tional education begun in the United States in 1918 now affects some 6.000 schools and more than half a million young people and involves an annual expenditure of approximately $20,- 000.000. \The United States' began the cen- tury with approximately 720,000 pupils in 8.000 public and private secondary schools. For years new schools were opened at a rate equal to at least one each calendar day. More than 16.500 of them now enroll 3,250,000 students and are training 23 per 1.000 of popu- lation In secondary subjects as against 9.5 in 1900.\ Railway Bridge Built of Logs A huge lot; bmlye lias just been completed in Oregon by a lumber com- pany to span a canyon between the mil! and the logging camp. The bridge is 400 feet long and 110 feet high. After the available timber has been sawed off, which will be in about three years, the railroad will be useless and they intend to tear it down and saw the logs into lumber. The bridge contains 375 logs, SO to 110 feet long. MYSTERY OF SLEEP SOLVED IN PART BY PSYCHIATRIST Special Electrodes and Galvanometer Enable Doctor Richter to Test Depth of Unconsciousness. Baltimore. Md.—A definite step in Unraveling the nbystery of sleep, which has baffled scientists from earliest times, has been made by Dr. Curt P. Riohter of the Henry Phipps Psychi- atric clinic of Johns Hopkins univer- sity. With a siring galvanometer a:vi specially constructed electrodes h* 1 has been able to tell how soundly a person is sleeping without awaken- ing him. His experiments n< t only have shown that sleep is of two distinctly different kin«ls. but that thore is a great difference between re;i! sleep and conditions in which certain types of mentally ill people appear u> be asleep. His. discoveries are reported ?n a pa pel enlhled \The Si^niluatu e of ! ^liunees in the Electrical Resistance | of the Body During Sleep.\ which ap- ! pears in the proceedings of the Na- • ! tional Academy of Sciences. ! His research showed that the resist- ] aiuv to an imperceptible electrical - current sen; from hand to hand <lur- ! ing sleep was localized almost entire- i ' ly in the skin. This resistance in- creased in one instance from .VU.W i ohms when the subject was awake to . ,~0O.i¥R) ohms when asleep. The current wws applied by two . electrodes of ?.inc covered with a j thick kaolin psiste mixed with satu- j ! rated zinc sulphate solution. Those] were attached So the hands :\nd e*ui- | mvted to liie string galvanometer. • I designed to measure the smallest cur- ; rents. j The experiments showed that the i intensity of the resistance varied di- ; racily wtih the iutensity of sleep. It w:b disco\eie\l, however, that when sleep was not sound the resistance of the skin on the backs of the hands usually decreased. In these cases the subject was not refreshed by sleep. In the case of patients suffering from catatonic stupors, which so closely resemble sleep that it is im- possible to tel! by looking at the pa- tient that lie is not asleep, a very dif- ferent condition was found. In these cases it was discovered that the palm- to-pahv. resistance of the hand was less than normal. Indicating an In- tense consciousness; while the resist- ance from back to back of the hand was very high, indicating complete muscular relaxation and lack of con- trol. From these studies it is hoped that new Hjrht will be thrown upon nerv- ous conditions, not only of mentally i.11 patients but of relatively normal people suffering from nervous strain. Well Named Hazard. Ky.—Alex Gayheart of Troublesome creek found trouble in court when he was 6n<»d $10 under ihe amigossiplng statute. •' .> / . • *- •••*• \r^^ar::.A i
