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t h e : h k f L i EC'T o r Know then thyself, presum e not God to scan ! T h e proper study of mankind is m a n .......... Pope . • VOLUM E II.J PALM YRA: M A R C H 19, 1831. [S E R I E S L - r N O . ML siaHorsases S C I E N T I F I C . C l i e m l s t r y . IR O N .— This is called tbe sixth met 'd, and is probably of more real use to the luman family than ail the other metals >ut together ; it seems to be the dividing ink between civilization and barbarism, md without it but small advances could ever have been made in theuseful arts. At vhat period this valuable metal was dis covered,* is a matter of doubt, for so ear- y as the Trojan war, a composition of cop per and zink (brass) supplied the place .>f this metal for warlike implements, &c. Iron exists in larger quantities in na- ure than any other metal, and is almost iniversally found in the mineral, animal md vegetable kingdoms. A French hemist lately disvovered it in a ripe travvberrv. Its ores are numerous; the ollowing are some of them. Black ore, irgilicious (clayey) ore, bog ore^fjjjjrJ’ites, nagnetie iron ore,specular iron ore,red ore, jrovvnore, caibonateof iron. The most ‘ommon is that called pyrites, m which the ron is united to sulphur. This ore is ound in almost even country : the ore s also common united with oxigen, com bined in variious quantities forming va- ious colored oxid*. In order to separate the metal from the :>res, they should generally be heated in the opeu air, so that the volatile parts may escape, before they are introduced into the furnace with the burning fuel.— The manufacture of iron varies in differ ent countries, and different ores require different management. Ia connection with burning coke or charcoal in a fur nace, the iron melts and is allowed to run off into sand, forming pig, or cast iron .— When oxygen abounds, the iron is ligh^ colored and brittle. W h e n carbon a- bounds the iron is less brittle and of a dark grey color. Iron in this state is much more fusible than when pure ; hencc afterwards rendered better by ~ hamm<yr~ Steel is formed from iron by * process called cementation. Tbe bars are placed in an oven in layers, with pulverized charcoal (carbea|| which is set and the. oven closed. jv Fifom six (b** e ight I days is necessary to perform this opera* tion. This is called b(istend steetf k is ■ it may be readily melted and cast into any form. To purify this iron, it is again melted aud stirred frequently until it becomes stiff in consequence of parting with some of its impurities. In this state it is ex posed to the action of a large hammer, which presses out other impurities ; this is called forging , and the iron is called wrought , or bar iron. This iron is also of several kinds. O n e is known as hot short iron, and is brittle when heated and tough when cold. The cold short is the reverse of the last. Iron must be repeatedly hea ted and beat under the hammer to render it pure. In some countries iron is made in a common forge without the interven tion of a furnace, and immediately from the ore : the irou however is of an infe rior quality. Pure iron is remarkable for the follow ing properties. Its color is a light gray ; it is soft, ductile, malleable and much less fusible than before purification. It specific gravity is about 7. 7. It is dis tinguished from most substances by being attacked by the load stone , and requires, under various circumstances, the prop erty of magnetism. The tnagnetical pro perty is acquired at the lower part of iron, when kept ia an elevated position. Hence ing in a forge. It is some time* melted and cast into bars known a* cart steel; an invaluable arricle. A French chemist; has discovered a more expeditious w of making steel b y ^ d i n g the carbon of lime (chalk) to the composition. h. TPvtv*' the lower ends of shovels, pc-kers, &c. are Historians inform us that iron was ac-fremarkably magnetic. It has been sup posed thaf the phenomena of magnetism arises from a modification of the electric •fluid, but the majority believe they pro ceed from the quality of the metal. Iron is also distinguished from other metals by its welding quality. zidemly discovered from the burning of the woods of Ida, in Crete, B.C. 1406. It is ’U)t probable however, that it was manufac tured in any \rear perfection until many -enturies attervvards. The sit-ge of Troy, according to the O x ford or Arundelum Marbles, happened 0. C. 11C J , C O P P E R unites w ith arsenic forming Tombac , which is of a white color bismuth an alloy of a reddish co) antimouy a violet colored zink by fusion it fjrens b in a solution of mercurr*, * -> ^ 7^*1 white color: meltea^wIcbLt bronze or bell metal; one rSi ver coins are usually eopper, twelfth of gold; copper rend more fusible and adds t^thjg du gold. It ha* been said, that men & W f 0 b n a kind of coasting trade w ith r# In tlie voyage oflife,#tbey profess in search of heaven, but take ca venture so far in their approxi it, as entirelyWto lose sight of Jj and should their frail v e s c ^ h ^ i t i f Singer of shipwreck, they will gladly throw th^ir darling vices ovt*boar<J, a& other mariner* their treasures, only to fish them up again, when the storm is over. To steer a course that shall secure both worlds, i$ still, I feaF, a desideratum, in ethics, a thing unattanied as vet* either by the divine or the philosopher, for the track is discoveiable only by tfi$ shipwreck* that have been tnade in the John VVesly quaintly observed t jjg l / ^ h # to heaven is a narrow pfttUK§|| for wheels , and that to cgat and to go to heaven hereafter\ wia a h*| ness to much for raau#*— Lacon Jfi5.il 'V .J? qi honest, John iirctie \a his own coach bo for* e died,. ■ ,fv i
