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r a n r M m c « 9 * PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY G. RITCHIE, Jun. SIGN OF FAUST AND FRANKLIN’S HEAD, FERRY-STREET, SCHENECTADY. [ V o l . I.] T H U R S D A Y , JU L Y 8, 1824. [No. 3.] qt^ia55»a«M» I M O H .J1W K S E j Y T I J V E L , Published ever)' T h u r s d a y morning, at the sign of Faust and Franklin’s head, Ferry-Street, Schenectady. C onditions .— T he Sentinel will be delivered to city subscribers at $2 per annum, payable half-yearly in advance. To companies of twelve or more who take the paper at the office §1 50 per annum, payable in advance. Advertisements of not more than one square, inserted three times for $1 00 , and 18 cents per week after. No Papers or advertisements will be discon tin u e d u n t il a ll arrearag-es a r e p a i d . Books , Pamphlets , Cards and Handbills , neatly and expeditiously executed. Extracted f o r the M o h a w k S e n t i n e l , From the London Geographical Encyclopaedia. ART OF PRINTING IN ENGLAND. William Caxton is generally allowed to have first introduced and practised the art of printing in England, in the reign of Edward IV. He was born in the Weald of Kent, and was first a citi zen and mercer of London ; at length he became a rep u t a b le m e r c h a n t, and in 14G4 he w a s one of the persons em p lo y e d b y king Edward IV- in ne- gociating a treaty of commerce with the duke of Burgundy, and was afterwards patronised by Margaret duchess of Burgundy, sister to that king. Caxton having received a good educa tion in his youth, had a taste for learning, and made himself master of the art of printing. He tells us himself that he began to print his trans lation of u Le Recueil des Histoircs de T r o y e s at Bruges, in 14G8, that he continued the work at Ghent, and that he finished it at Cologne in 1471. A fair copy of this book is in hie majesty’s li brary. The first book, which Caxton printed in Eng land, was the Game at Chess, which was finished in the Abbey of Westminster the last day of March 1474. In 1475 he printed the Book of Jason. In 1477 the Dictes and Sayinges of the Philosophers. For an account of the other books printed by Caxton, see Herbert’s History of Printing. The first letters used by Caxton were of the sort called Secretary , and of these he had two founts : afterwards his letters were more like the modem Gothic characters, written by the Eng lish monks in the fifteenth century. Of these he had three founts of Great Primer, the first rude, which he used in 1474 ; another something bet ter j and a third cut about the year 1488. Be sides these he had two founts of English or Pica , the latest and best of which were cut about 1482 ; one of Double Pica, good, which first appeared in 1490; and one of Long Primer , at least agreeing with the bodies which have since been called by those names ; all these resemble the written characters of that age, which have been distin guished by the name of Monkish-English. Those characters nearly resemble their prototypes used by the first printers in Germany. In the year 1 47 8 printing was first practised in the two universities of Oxford and Cambridge ; and two years afterwards we find a press at St. 5 . Alban’s. Caxton lived till the year 1491, when he was succeeded by Wynkyn de Worde, who had serv ed him for many years, and was connected with him in business at the time of his death. Wyn kyn made considerable advances in the art of printing, and enriched his foundery with a vari ety of new types ; his letters were what are call ed the Old English, or Square English, which have been the pattern for his successors for black letter printing. He is said to have first brought into England the use of round Roman letters, though it does not appear that he ever printed in those letters. The first Roman was a margi nal quotation in Pica, at the latter end of the se cond part of a book intituled, “ The Extirpation o f Ignorancy cornpyled by Sir Paulc Bus he, Preeste, and Bonhornc o f E d y n d o n f printed by Pynson without a date; but in 1518 Pynson printed a book wholly in Roman types. Pynson’s contemporary, William Faques, in 1503 made a fount ot English letters, equal, if not exceeding, in beauty, any which our founders at this day pro duce. The favourite characters of these times were large types, and particularly Great Primer. Although considerable progress was made in the art of printing in the fifteenth century, yet the English presses produced no works in the Greek, or in the Oriental languages till the sixteenth.— The first Creek book that was printed in Eng which were given by him to the University of Oxford. Notwithstanding cardinal Wolsey founded a Hebrew lecture at Cambridge in the beginning of the sixteenth century, no books were printed zine, Philosophical Magazine, Repertory, Acker man’s Repository, and the Literary Panorama. Of the above, the numbers sold are from one, to eight thousand each. This number will appear more extraordinary, when it is stated, that lately herein Hebrew characters before the year 1592, * in France the total monthly sale ot the Annales when Dr. Rhese published his “ Institutiones j Encyclopediques. the best journal in France, did Linguae Cambro-Britannicaa.” j not exceed 350 copies ; and that, that or the new In the year 1657 the English Polyglott; in six ; Journal des Savans , setup by the Bourbon party, lumes folio was printed at London, under the did not exceed 200 copies, a iounh of each being • /* 11*1 TT 1 11* 1 TT7 _ 1 L * . . 1 J . /\I ^ 4- D Ini »-v I volu sold in Great Britain ! In addition to the above, there is a most ex tensive publication and sale of Encyclopaedias, Almanacks,* and books in weekly (or six penny) sellers. auspices of archbishop Usher and bishop Walton. This magnificent work was begun in 1653, and contains the sacred text in the Hebrew, Samari tan, Syriac, Chaldean, Arabic, Persic, gEthiopic, Greek, and Latin languages, all printed in their ’ numbers, all of which employ an immense num proper characters. Besides the characters exhi- j her of authors, printers, book-binders, and book bited in the body of this great work, the Prole gomena furnish us with more ; namely, the Rab binical, the Hebrew, the Syraic duplices, the Nestorian, and Estrangelan, the Armenian, the Egyptian, the Illyrian, both Cyrillian and Hiero- nymian, the Iberian, and the ancient Gothic.— Most of the rare books above specified are to be found in his majesty’s library at the Buckingham in n ' CELEBRATED CHARACTERS IN GREAT BRITAIN. Britain boasts of Shakespeare, Pope, Thomson, Ramsay, Among Poets, Milton, Drydcn, Burns, Young, o’ n land, is the “ Homilies set forth by Sir Join Chelcef and printed at London in 1543, by Reg Wolfe. It is true, that about the year 1523 Si bcrt of Cambridge printed a few Greek quota tions interspersed among his Latin : but he did not print any whole book in the Greek language. About the year 1567 John Dave, who was pa tronised by archbishop Parker, cut the first Saxon types, which were used in England. In this vear u Asscrius Mnenevensis” was published by the direction of the archbishop in these charac- teis ; and in the same year archbishop YE!fric‘s Paschal Homily ; and in 1571 the Saxon gospels. Daye’s Saxon types far excel in neatness ant beauty any which have been since made, not ex cepting the neat types cast for F. Junius at Dort, House, i the British museum, and in that of Earl Spencer. The greatest difficulty which the first letter- foundcrs had to encounter, was the discovery of the necessary number of each letter for a fount of types in any particular language ; and in order to know this they would endeavour to find out how much oftener one letter occurred than an other in such a language. Perhaps this discove- v O i ry was made by casting off the copy, as the print- ters call i t ; which is by calculating the number of letters necessary for composing any given num ber of pages, and by counting the number of each letter which occurs in those pages ; this would in some degree have pointed out the proportion al number of one letter to another, but whether it was done by this, or hy what other method, is not easy to discover: however it is generally sup posed. that the letter-founder’s bill was made in the fifteenth century, but on what principle all writers are silent : the various ligatures and ab breviations, used by the early printers, made more types necessary than at present. The British press has., subsequently, so multi plied its energies, that it would be in vain to at tempt to enumerate even the subjects which it has been the means of publishing to the world : suffice it to say, that, from this mighty arsenal of literary stores, have issued, in many cases, no less than two hundred editions of the our best authors. Even the steam-engine has given its aid to the wonderful labours of this ma chine, and the invention of stereotype printing has not a little enhanced the value, and the force of their combined efforts, in multiplying, perpc-; tuating and scattering throughout the world the written thoughts of the learned men of every country. May their united energies flourish, “ till time be no more !” The dearness of books, however, in England, has long been a cause of very general complaint both abroad and at home. The principal cause is the enormous expense of advertising, owing to the multiplicity of newspapers, and to the extor tions which the authors and publishers of books are the victims. To make a book known in Eng land, it is necessary to advertise it, at least six times, in ten London newspapers ; besides the advertisements on the covers of Magazines and Reviews, without reckoning upwards of 200 pro vincial papers. The most moderate course of advertising costs at least 301. ; and a liberal one (rom 301. to 2001 . Therefore, if either of these sums are to be added to the necessary cost of an edition of 230, 500, or 1000 copies, a sufficient j cause of the high price of books is apparent: and \ it is evidently the newspaper proprietors, and the revenue, which profit by new publications. In France, these things are managed better. The French newspapers do not receive advertise ments ; but they insert, free of cost, a liberal critique, or analysis, of every new book, on being presented with two copies,— one for the proprie tor, and one for the writer of the article. Other causes of this evil arc the high duty, or tax upon paper and leather, and the presentation of nearly twenty copies of every book (how ever valuable) entered at stationers’-hall, to the British Museum, and the libraries of all the the Universities in the kingdom. PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. The number of periodical works which ap pear in Great Britain on the first of every month is no less than 108. Of these ten are quarterly', viz.— the Edinburgh Review, the Edinburgh Sur gical Journal, the Quarterly Review, Braude’s Journal, Brewster’s Journal, the Classical Jour nal, the British Review, the Annals of Oriental Literature, the London Journal of Science, and the Quarterly Musical Review. A great many arc. published monthly : of these, the most notable are, the Monthly' Magazine, Gentleman’s Magazine, London Magazine,— Monthly Review, Sporting Magazine, British Critic, European Magazine, Ladies’ Magazine, New Monthly Magazine, London Medical Jour nal, Eclectic Review, Thompson’s Annals, Medi cal Repository, Blackwood’s Edinburgh Maga- , x.ivinson, Goldsmith. Darwin, Cowper, Wolcot, Beattie, Campbell, Byron and Scolt. The British dramatists have been before enu merated. Of theatrical performers Britain may boast of Burbadge, Alleyn, Tarleton, Henderson, Garrick, Foote, Barry, Mossop, Quin, Kemble, Siddons, Weston, Mackiin, Cooke, Munden, Mat thews, Young, O’Neil. Emery, Jones, and Kean. A m o n g Philosophers , we have Lad Bacon, Locke, Berkeley. Priestley, Hartlcv. Reid, Hume, Smith, and Stewart. Among Historians . we have had Buchanan, Camden, Clarendon, Hume, Robertson, Smollet. Gibbon, and Belsham ; and, among Moralists , Addison, Richardson, Fielding, Hutchinson, and Sterne. The principal British Novelists, arc Richard son, Fielding, Smollet, Goldsmith Mackensie, Edgworth, Porter, Burney, and Scott. In Divinity, we can boast of Tiliotson, Middle ton, Watts, Kennicott, Horne, Watson, Paicy*, Blair, Horsley, Porteus, and Chalmers. Among Physicians, arc Harvey', Sydenham, Mead, Brown, Cullen, Hunter, \Willis Heberden,_ Baillie, Thornton, Cooper, Albernethy, Cline, Bell, Babington, and Jenner. Among Orators , may be named Pulteny, the two Pitts, Fox, Burke, Sheridan, Grattan, Hor ner, Erskine, Grant, Whitbread, and Romilly. Among Painters, the English school boasts of works*of 1 Re>'nolc!3’ Barry, Gainsborough, Wright, W\i!son Opie, Norlhcote, West, Lawrence, Westall, and Wilkie; among sculptors, of Gibbons, Flaxman, Chantrey, Bacon, and Wyatt ;t and, among mu sical composers, of Purcell, Arne, Storace. and Shield. Among Natural Philosophers , we may' mention ( ' Friar Bacon, Newton, Ferguson, Boyle, Caven dish Tennant, Wollaston, Watson, Lord Stan hope, Allen, Brewster, Ure, Henry, Murray, and the two Davys. Among Mechanics and Engineers,, we can boast 1 of Brindley', Emerson, Smeaton, Watt, Boulton, Rennie, and Telford. F r o m the L o n d o n C o u r i e r . L O R D B Y R O W S AU T O -BIO G R A P H Y . The following interesting particulars relative to the destruction of Lord Byron’s account of his own life, are from the Literary Observer. They appear to be authentic ; at least names and cir cumstances are mentioned in a manner which they could hardly be, were the account not de rived from good sources. “ About the middle of the year 1821, Mr. Moore received from Lord Byron the manuscript of his life. It was written on detached sheets of paper, and was evidently not a second copy. It contained his lordship’s remarks on his conduct and feelings, from the earliest period of his re collection, down to the year 1816 ; and explain ed many of those circumstances on which the public had most speculated. It is well known, and delicacy need not withhold an illusion to the fact, that Mr. Moore was, when he received it, in considerable pecuniary difficulties, and (hat the motive of the gift was to enable him to return to * The sale of Moore’s Almanack, once rose to 430,000 copies per annum—yet the editor never got above 251. for his labours ! This prodigious circulation arose from the astrological predictions with which the worthy calcu lator was required to fill it, and with which it is allowed to be filled, though printed for a public company, and revised and sanctioned at Lambeth Palace^ by the Arch bishop of Canterbury ! -f There can, we presume, be at this time no doubt but that patronage is the basis of all successful exertions of genius ; and that it was Pericles who produced a Phidias and a Praxiteles,—just as Napoleon produced a (’anova and a David. Similar patronage of the merchants and no bility of Britain has, in like manner, engendered a W est, a Turner, and a Clumtrey ; and produced a host of other artists, such as no other country could ever boast. Thus it appears, from a list of each class inserted in the seventh number of the .Qnnals o f the Fine .irfs, that modern pa tronage has created in England not less than nine hundred and thirty-one prof essional artists, of various descriptions, resident in and near the metropolis. Of whom there an —532 painters ; 45 sculptors; 149 architects; 93 en gravers in line ; 38 in mixed styles ; 39 in Mezzotinto ; 33 in aquatinta ; 22 on wood. And, what deserves to be specially noticed, among the painters, there are no less than forty-three ladies > the country from which he was an unwilling ex ile. Air. Moore first oftered it to Messrs. Long man, who declined purchasing if: on any terms; Mr. Murray bought the manuscript for the sum of two thousand guineas : and his friends sav. his. i • r • i • chief reason lor so doing, was to second the views of the Noble Lord, on behalf of the exiled poet. There is some ground for this assertion, when we recollect that Lord Byron was likely to out live Mr. Murry many jears, and that the w ork could only be of use lo the latter gentleman- It will be remembered that the publication was pro hibited until three months after Lord Byron’s death. a It was in November, 1321, that Mr. Moore received the money. About twelve months af terward? Mr. Moore called on Mr. Murray, anti stated to him that the production in question con tained much that would be equally prejudicial the character of the Noble Lord, and to his own, and applied an expression to the work which u e decline quoting. He therefore requested Mr. Murray to empower him by a bond, in make such alterations as he might deem necessary, ami to be appointed the editor, whenever the work should be published. To this Mr.- Murray agreed, but demanded from Mr. Moore a bond tor the 20001 . to secure him the money he had paid for the work, in case Mr. Moore should so alter it, as to render it an unprofitable speculation. Mr. Moore agreed to (he proposition ; the bonds were given, and thus the case stood until February, 1824, v'hen Mr. Moore brought the assignment of the work, which had not been previously de livered. Mr. Murray then stated to Mr Moore that he was dissatisfied at this power he had giv en of altering the work, according to the ideas of the latter, and that he wished eithef to get back the bond which empowered him so to doy or to cancel the agreement, and to deliver the work on receiving the 20001 . ; alleging as his reason, (hat “ he did not wish to be the keeper of Lord Byron’s honour.” Mr. Moore said that he would choose the latter alternative, and pro mised to call in a week with the money, to receive\ back the work. This Mr. Moore deferred ; at any rate this he did not do.— On the 14th of May the news of Lord Byron’s death arrived, and on the evening of that day Mr. Moore called on Mr. Murray, whom, however, he did not see. The next day Mr. Murray Avcnt to Mr. Wilmot Hor ton, the friend of Lady Byron, and stated to him all the circumstances connected with the affair. Mr. Wilmot Horton was satisfied io refund Mr* Murray the sum advanced, and to have the work destroyed. Subsequently the parties met at the house of Mr. Hobhouse, where Col. Doyle ap peared as the friend of the Hon. Mrs. Lee, Lord Byron’s sister, and it was agreed to destroy the work. Mr. Moore objected to the right which' Mr. Murray claimed over it, and asserted that it was his property. Mr. Murray denied this cl airily on the ground that the bond given by him to Mr, Moore only allowed him to withdraw the Work* and to return the money, any time before Lord1 Byron’s death, but that after such an event, it was to be exclusively Mr. Murray’s property. The day after the parties met together at Mr. .Murray’s house, viz. Mr. W. Horton, Mr. Hob house, Col. Doyle, Mr. Moore, Mr. Luttrell, and Mr. Murray. Mr. Murray then declared that he had no claim whatever upon Mr. Mo ore for the sum paid that gentleman, while Mr. Mo ore persisted in his right to the work It is asserted that Mr. Moore did not mean to have it destroy ed—but this we do not foF a moment believe.' Be it as it may, the producliori was torn and' burnt in the room of „Mr. Murray ; and burnt, as our informant states, without the consent of Mr', Moore. The circumstance has since been the topic of much conversation in the higher circles, and each of the pai ties has beeii considerably blamed by the friends of the other. “ Although we have stated these facts, arid again repeat that we have them from 'he best au thority, we do not wish to comment on them. WTe think it, however, our duty to mention, thatf the gentleman alluded to expressed, in the high est terms, the sense of Mr. Murray’s conduct, as a gentleman and a man of honour. This much is certain, that, if Air. .Murray had chosen to pub lish the work, he would have made a fortune by it ; and that, in sacrificing his interest to his prin ciples, he has acted as few tradesmen would have done. We are certain Mr. Murray received for the work no more than he had paid for it.” John Paul Jones was the son of the head gar dener of the Earl of Selkirk, in Scotland. In the gardens were two summer houses corresponding to each other. The gardener was a most steady, methodical Scotchman. One day Lord Selkirk, in his walks, observed a man locke^up in one of them, and looking out at the window; and in the < other summer house, looking out of the corre sponding window, appeared young John PaiiL “ Why are those lads confined,” said Lord Sel kirk to the gardener. u My Lord, I'caught t h e ^ rascal stealing your Lordship’s fruit.” u But there are two ; what has ) our son done ; is he too guilty ?” “ Oh no. please your Lordship, I just put him in/or symmetry I
