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\ ' « • V ‘4U •. ft i»_r- • - \ zl . ' ' . >'*#• . . i t *. i , •' l V-A. ' ViS' GENEVA C OURIER PUBLISHED EVERY WEDNESDAY MORNING, «• iVo. 39 Seneca Street, Up-Stairs, b y CLEVELAND & LOOK. r t \A A . ».» TERMS OF ADVERTISING. V '/ 0 H 3 One square one week , “ “ three “ “ “ three months *- 3,00 i ( T E R M S: To village subscribes who receive the papeis by the carrier, $1,50, Cash in Advance ; or $ 2,000 if otherwise. To Mail subscribers and those who get their papers at the Office $1,00, Cash in Advance. Six pence per month will be added in all cases where payment is delayed. No paper will be discontinued until all ar rearages are paid, except at the option of the publisher, ,v A\ .NX' •• “ SIX “ “ one year Halt column one y ear, One < < c t < t 1^,1 V ifc'S.r-L; jC• ’ ‘ A .... 1 ...... ll. tna // i/ f t CELS 'it; t/ Tle.it.-z. Business Cardsinserted one yeaj^for 5,00 No advertisement will be charged lessthan one square, and all advertisements will be con tinued until otherwise ordered N. B. All advertisements must be brought i in by Tuesday morning in order to secure an insertion the same week. VOL. XXII.—NO 28. GENEVA. N. WEDNESDAY MORNING. JUNE 16, 1852. WHOLE NO. 1120. DR. LOUIS STEIN, HOMEOPATHIC PHESXC1AH C HIEF SURGEON In the Hungarian Army during the whole period of its struggle for independence, and with best reference from Homeopathic Physicians of Nfcw York, mnomr whom are Dr. Tims. Uuriis, Dr. Van derburgh, Dr. E. E. Marcy, Dr. Q,uin, and Dr. Barlow, offers his professional services to the citizens of Geneva. Residence, Franklin House. April 14th, 1852. ]1 JO H N N. W H I T I N G , COUNSELLOR AT LAW, Has removed his office to the South side or Seneca street, next door to the Express office, SD O A K H . HUED^ A t t o r n e y a n d C o u n s e l l o r a t .L a w ) OFFICE NO. 26, (over Allman's Store,) Suicca street, Geneva, N. Y. K . I L L A W I tE N C E , WOOL FACTOR, AND Wholesale Dealer in Window Glass. INSURANCE AGENT FOR Manhattan Life Instance Co., New York A2tna Fire Insurance Co., Utica; National Pro tection Insurance, S.'iv toga Springs ; Glt.be In surance Co., Utica; Emp’re State Mutual Health Association ; Syracuse Mutual Health Association. California Risks taken at the usual Rates. OFFICE—No. S, Seneca-st., in A. D. Platt’s 1103 T H E GRAVE-YARD, BY FLORA S, Drugstore. H A L L , RUCK E L & CO., W H O L E S A L E D R U G G I S T S AND DEALERS IN PAINTS, OILS, WHITE LEAD, DYE STUFFS, FANCY ARTICLES, &C. No* 2 2 0 G r e e n w i c h S t r e e t , One Door bdow Barclay Street , JYcto Yorkt Invite the patronage of Country Dealers, In general. • N. B. Manufacturers of the best Friction Matches in the world. 1103 L U T H E R I I . H A T F I E L D , W IT H BA S S , C L A R K &, D IB B L E , SELLS Tanners’, Neatsfoot & Liver Oil, VERY CHEAP FOR CASH ONLY, 1 0 6 W e s t S l i c e l , N e w V o r k . Tanners and Country Dealers supplied. i£y-Prmnpt attention glv.n to orders. 1303 JOHN E. BEAN ' A tto r n e y & C o u n s e l o r a t L a w , g e n e v a , n . y „ YVill promptly attend to any business in the legal line, that may be entrusted to 1*1 m. 91 O F F f f E , 'T I i r e c D o o r s W e n t o f the M a n s i o n H o u s e , S e n e c a el* * . UUSSEL ROBBINS, BOOKBINDER, AND BLANK BOOK MANU FACTURER, Over D erby , O rton & Co.’s Book Store, Geneva, N. Y. ________ 50 W E F. M A M A N . Plain and Ornamental Painter, G r a i n i n g & I n t e r n a l D e c o r a t i o n s ) tor Public, and Private Houses, done in the best style of the art. 6m69 Seneca st., Geneva? N* Y . Step lightly ! for beneath thy feet, In death's repose, so calm and sweet* Sleep those who once were gay ns thou, Whose step, once light as thine is now, Oft wandered to tills holy ground, Where, lingering near some ‘turf grown mound,* They gazed as thou—without a sigh— And dreamed like thee—they co u l d not die. Oh ! crush not carelessly yon flower— Its fragrance steals with magic power, O'er some torn heart, whose gentle care The sweet love-token planted there, To blossom in this quiet vale, Fanned by the zephyr's softest gale; In chastest beamy there to bloom, Upon some precious, loved one's tomb. Breathe softly—lest some grating sound, Mingling with stillness so profound, Should startle footn their quiet rest, The songsters that have built their nest High in the weeping willow tree, As If thscy too far oil'would flee From sorrow’s withering blight, like those Who find bknkath its boughs repose . Speak gently—let no careless word Amid the holy calm be heard ; Lot no rude tone disturb the breeze, That, murmuring gently through the trees, Seems ever chanting o’er the dead A requiem for the ‘spirit fled'— That seems with evurybreathing sigh To whisper —1'here earth's loved onse lie.* From the American Whig Review LAND REFORM. THOMAS & HALEY, Importers, & Wholesale Dealers in !F <£& M U l GREEN AND DRIED i f w a 52 ® 9 21 & W a s h i n gton Street, DAN*!. T H O M A S , JEREMIAH HALEY 69y 1 NEW YORK. B v i K L B Y & B E m r o r a i r , Manufacturers of, and Wholesale and Retail Dealers in AB1NET WARE AND FURNITURE. W a r e R o o m s —41 S e n e c a s t., GENEVA, N. Y. 50 SU P E R IO R C H A IN PUM P , MANUFACTURED AND SOLD, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 3 T T 3D. M A B X S , O p p o s ite the T e m p e r a n c e H o u s e , CASTLE ST., GENEVA, N. ¥. 4Iy D . ~T. CLEVELAND, F ire, M a r in e , IA fe, an d H e a lth INSURANCE AGENT. OFFICE AT THE COURIER OFFICE, SOUTH SIDE SENECA STREET, NO. 39, UP STAIRS.) ______ DR. WM KIMBER, Physician and Surgeon—Office, five doors nortq of the Bank 48 Conservatism is a term of broad and far- reaching import. It implies not stagnation, but vitality—not the torpor and u cold ob struction” of death, but the potency and fa cility of endtiring life. The barnacle on the ship’s bottom is no conservative, though he clings with desperate tenacity to the the last; the carpenter on deck is a conservative, tho* he often encounters and obeys a necessity to repair, alter and transform, and, in some des perate extremities, is even obliged to cut a- way and cast overboard. He is a true con* sevative who intelligently and warily re models and rc-adapls to strengthen and save, and he a real destructive who blindly clings, and feeds, and rots. An independent yeomanry must ever be the chief conservative element in a republic. The city’s industrious and thrifty classes may be equally essential to the greatness and power of the commonwealth, but in a different sphere and manner. The urban population is naturally more intelligent, mobile, viva cious, impressible; while the rural is slower, more cautious, averse to change, distrustful of innovation, and inclined to venerate the wisdom and cherish the maxims of antiquity. Of this truth the word pagan (with many others) will long remain an impressive- me morial. Republics have often been founded, rarely maintained by a population composed mainly of tiaders and artisans. Unless coun terpoised and ballasted by a population of farmers, their state becomes a mere olig archy, like Carthage or Venice, or a turbu lent and demagogical anarchy, ofiener cover ing a ferocious and unchecked despotism with the cloak of liberty and equality, like Rome under Marius,Paris (paralyzing France) under Robespierre, or Buenos Ayres under Rosas. From the rural fiiesice and the plough, Heaven sends to the rescue of im perilled libeity a Cincinnatus, a Tell, and a Washington. We repeal:—a republic can only be ex pected to endure under the guardianship and control of an independent yeomanry. A bold peasantry has many virtues, including cour age, faith, and patriotism ; but it is not in human nature persistently to pour out blood like water for firesides which other men own, and fields which are reaped to fill a landlord’s granary. Noble deeds have been done by armed bands of tenants, or hireling rustics; but it is no disparagement and no injustice to them to say that neither our revolutionary war, nor any similar contest, could or would •j haVp- been prosecuted by them to a success ful issue. And, whatever historians may say of England's nCCdom and happiness un der her Saxon kings, we may be suic that the few were lords, and the many eefsor hirelings; else no single battle, even so de cisive as Hastings, would have sufficed to uproot the native dynasty, and seat the Nor man family' on a conqueror’s throne. GEO. P. MOWRY, Dealer in Drugs, Medicines, e tc., No. 10,Sen eca street. ~ A. D PLATT Wholesale and retail dealer in Drugs, Groce ries, Paints and Dyes, No. 8 Seneca street. H. PARMELEE, Dealer in Drugs, Medicines, Paints, Oils, Dye Stuffs and Groceries, No. 24, Seneca st. J. W. SMITH & CO., Dealers in Fancy and Staple Dry Goods, Carpet ing etc<—store at No 23, Seneca street. ‘ H. H. & G. C. SEELYE^ \ Fashionable Dry Goods, No 30, Seneca street DERBY, ORTON & CO., booksellers,Stationers, Bookbinders, etc., N* 22 Seneca sLi'-e^ _ '' WILLIAM H. SMITH, Bookseller, Stationer, Blank Book Manufacturer .and Binder. No. 31 Seneca street. 4 WIGHT & CLARK, -Fashionable Hat Store, No. 11, Seneca street. Wasn ngton Temperance House, GENEVA, N. Y. O. EDMONSTON, Would say to the former patrons of this popular House, while under the Direction of W m . L* P e a r c e , that no pains wtllj^e spared .on his part, to make it agreeable to them, and •the travelling Public. Carriage always retdv at all the Trains, and Boats to carry Passengers and Baggage to and ;from the House, Free of charge 61 JPE T E R JV1* D O X ) Attorney and Counsellor at Law, In resuming the practice of h;8 profesHi°n, hi Geneva, has removed his Law Office to P. Proutv's building, at the foot of Seneca street, a few doors North of the Franklin House, where all business entrusted to him, whether in liU office, or in the several Courts of this State, will receive .attention. Office on the same floor with Telegraph office. Dated Geneva, J9tb May, 1653. 17 The subject of L and R eform , or of so ad justing our public policy as to secure to the landless the easiest possible access to the soil, as independent cultivators, is emphati cally the question of the age. That it sho’d present different aspects to diversely consti tuted minds, is inevitable. Apostles of hatred and social anarchy will view it through their own jaundiced vision; believers that what ever is, is wrong, will make that dogma pro minent through the medium of their advocacy of this as well as of any other measures; yet it is not the less demonstrable that Land Reform, legitimately connstrued, and fairly executed, is eminently conservative in its tendencies and natural effects. Let us see what are the measures which their advocates commend, under the generic appellation of Land Re form; They are : J. The allotment of public lands in limited areas to actual settlers, otherwise landless, each being allowed to settle, improve, and occupy in perpetuity, any quarter-section (160 acres) of such lands, not previously pur chased, legally claimed, or occupied. 2. An interdiction of each future occupant from acquiring more than his quarter-section aforesaid, or transferring his right in the same to any but a person otherwise landless. 3. The gradual, and ultimately perfect transformation of our system of land holding, in the old as well as the new States, in to con formity with the principlesgabove indicated. This is to be sought and effected, not thro* the divesting of any person of his estates, and possessions in land, no matter how ex tensive, but by establishing a legal maximum for furture acquisitions of land, and requiring each individual to respect it iff his purchases; as also by selling, within a reasonable period, any excess over the legal maximum, which, by bequest or otherwise, way fall into his hands. These measures form a system, whereof the object and tendency are the securing that, as a general rule, the soil shall be owned by Us cultivators , and cultivated by its owners . A perfect accordance with this is not expect ed, nor aimed a t ; but it is expected that such an approach may be made to it that no baro- nail estates, tilled by a dependent tenantry? will be found within the wide area of our Re public, and that each citizen, desirous of ap plying his energies to cultivation, may find easy access to a modicum of earth at a price not exceeding the cost of the labor devoted to its improvement by clearing, fencing, fer tilizing, building, &c. Fn short, the en : of the L ’.nd Reform policy is the abolition of landlordism, and the securing to our country, through all future ages, of a freeholding yeo manry commensurate with its voting popu lation. This is a grandly inspiring aim ; let us carefully consider it. It were cowardly and dishonest to exhibit only the point of the wedge, and say :tlWe seek but the apportion- mentof our wild and (so long as wild) worth less public lands among those who pressing- ly need and are unable to pay for them ; who can object to that'?” when we know that the roots of Land Reform strike deeper and its branches prospectively wave higher than this. No such cetrich stratagem is worthy of the age wherein we live, or the cause we advocate. If the Land Reform is not com mendable as a whole, it were idle to seek support for any part of it. If it be not de- sira le to render cultivators generally free holders in the old States, we see not how it can he in the new. The Homestead Bill now before Congress must stand on principles of general application, or it can no deserve to stand at all. And first, let us consider in succession the grounds cf objection upon which it is com monly and naturally resisted : 1. It is Agrarian^and invades the Right o f Property . YVe answer:.No more so than usury laws, or any other which recognize and affirm that those rights are subject to limitations. That a man may do what he likes with his own, is an assertion not warranted by any civiliz ed nor even savage code. Property has its rights, but they are bounded and controlled by the higher law of social and general well being. The law recognizes no right in any man to burn his own house, though it were the product solely of his own honest labor. No man may poison his own well, though dug with his own hands and secluded from pub lic approach. The right to set man-traps and spring-guns, even for the punishment of de predators, is one which our law's do not re cognize. The right to hazard his fairly-earned money in gambling is denied by our laws to every citizen. On every side our laws af firm and establish limitations to the right of the citizen to do as be will with his own, and the propriety of such limitations is not seriously questioned. A Land Limitation law would affirm no new principle, but simply in volve a new application of one of the most vital and universal laws of civilized society. 2. It would discourage Industry , Thrift , and Frugality , directed toward the accumu lation o f Propei ty. H e answer: No more than the usury and other laws just indicated now do. No man now refuses to labor or save, because the laws limit the interest on money to six or seven percent. Then why should a limita tion of the area of land which one man maj legally acquiiv to a square mile, or the half of it, discourage thrft or paralyze the arm of industry 1 On even a quarter-section of arable land, a man may accumulate every thing essential to living in comfort, in lux ury, and even in princely splendor. Fields, gardens, orchards, woods, shrubbery, and everything calculated to delight the eye, or gratify the palate, may be brought within this limit. V\7e do not admit that a man must own the entire landscape in order to render it attractive to his vision. On the contrary, wTe hold that a wise man would gladly per mit his neighbors to share the expense and trouble required to render it beautiful. The most lovely Inndscapes we remember were not formed or fashioned by the genius of one one denies that there is an existing surplus man, but rather by the efforts of hundreds, unconsciously conspiring with nature to ren der them magnificent and delightful. And there are very few quarter-sections in this country, on which the labor of years might not be profitably expended in increasing their fertility, their value, and their beauty. But in fact, the application of wealth to land and its improvement in this country is very seldom the dictate of thrift. The merchant or lawyer accquires wealth in his store or office, and buys or improves a farm with no idea of pecuniary profit therefrom.— He rather expects to sink money in his new invenstment, and often avers that he will be satisfied if henceforth his business shall sup port bis farm. Few wise men of affluence, save thoroughly practical farmers, ever buy more than a hundred acres for persona! use; and those who do, generaly expect to lose by the investment, or do lose without any such expectation. And, as to farmers themselves, every one is aware that the master vice of their vocation among us is the passion for grasping to much land. All writers on Ag riculture, from the earliest ages to the present, have deplored and denounced the blindness which leads farmers to overrun more land than they can properly cultivate, and to grasp more than they can overrun. u Sell half your land for the means of properly stocking, fertilizing, and working the resi due.” This exhortation has been dinned in the ears of farmers by the wisest and most experienced monitors from the age of Colu mella, and doubtless from that of Hesiod. If farmers only could be induced or persuaded to work less land and work it far better, their labor would be better rewarded, and its pro duct decidedly increased. As to facilities for investment, land never did and never will afford the most inviting, except to its actual and presonal cultivator. “ He who by the plough would thrive, him self must either hold or drive,” is a maxim not more trite than true, and not to be shak en by a few notable exceptions. YVe are not speaking of corner-lot speculations, which would not be affected by the con templated restriction, (though it would be no loss to mankind if they were;) but he who seeks safe and profitable investment will find it in railroads, banks, steamboats, insurance companies, loans on mortgae, and a hundred other opportunities daily proffered on all sides, whereby he may secure a larger return, while affording facilities to the cuhivotor intent on a farm of his own, or increasing the reward of his industry by cheapening and accelerat ing the transit to market of his productions. 3. It would be unjust to the Old States. If the freedom of the Public Lands be re-* garded as an isolated measure, with no pur pose and no meaning beyond itself, there would be some force in this objection. The old States have rights in the public lands which we should be last to dispute or de- of labor in the old Statej. YY7he her that labor might or might not be employed un der a wiser public pclicy, aided by judicious and concerted efforts on the part of the afflu ent and philanthropic, is not material to the issue, since we know that it is not, and is not likely to be in the absence of Land Re form. Europe is casting her destitute and miserable milions upon our shores, at the rate of ateleast a thousand per day, and these must be employed, if possible ; and whether or not must be fed. A very large proportion of them consist of persons unskill ed in any kind of productive labor, but the rudest and least efficient agriculture; and even the few skilful and valuable artisans and artificers among them can rarely be em ployed in the present depressed state'of our manufactures. We must find work for these hundred of thousands, ultimately if not im mediately ; and we can only find it while th : tariff remains unaltered by considerably en larging the basis of our national industry, that is, the cultivation of land. Now, it is quite immaterial whether these identical persons, or others, shall be induced to locate them selves on lands hitherto unimproved, for the essential result is the same. If half a million inhabitants of the old States shall be annually drawn off, by newly afforded facilities, to settle and improve the wild lands of the YYrest, they will inevitably make room for so many others, perhaps L ss efficient and less skilful than themselves, but not therefore to be rejected. The work must be done, and done with the best instru ments attainable. If the foreman of a shop resigns his situation in New York or Lowell to open a shop ol his own at Milwaukie, St. Paul’s, or Council Bluffs, he makes room for a new foreman from among his associates, and so gives a chance for a step upward to all employed in the shop, allowing a green hand to come in at the bottom of the scale. And half a milion persons, thus attracted by free land from the East to the West, will not merely make room here for so many to fill their places. By settling on new lands, they become customers to the artisans of whom they have hitherto been competitors, and thus sensibly enlarge the demand for our seaboard manu factures. Every nexv cottage, every new cabin on the prairie, each smoke ascending from a new clearing in the forest, bespeaks a new and enduring customer to the mer chants and manufacturers of the Atlantic border. The individual settler will die, but his farm will remain, producing agricultural staple to be exchanged for goods. The ex pansion and population of the Y\rest must ever measure the growth of the villages and manufacturing cities of the East. The Atlantic States will not be entirely re lieved of their suffering classes by the mere opening to them of the prairies and forests of the YVest. Thousands will lack the energy, stmy. To any disposition of those lands ; the capacity, and means requisite to profiting l which assumes that they qre exclusively the by this resource. But many who could not property of the Stales which embrace them, or are to be disposed of for their special benefit, we are inflexibly opposed. In this respect, as in others, we know no North nor South nor East nor YY7est, but one common country. But we blieve the Freedom of the j Public Lands, regarded as part of a system, equally beneficial to the old and new States. No one can so easily doubt that it would im mensely accelerate the settlement and culti vation of the Great Valley, thereby doubling and quadrupling the trade of our Atlantic cities, the demand for Faste n manufactures, and the revenues of our canals and railroads. In place of some Wo millions per annum now paid into the Federal Treasury as pur- chase-money for public lands, we should have ten, and in time twenty millions of rev enue from imports consumed by settlers on those lands; an amount greatly increased by the facility and vapidity of settlement which Free Land would secure. ft is easy to talk of the two hundred dol lars the settler now pays for his quarter-sec tion as an insignificant pum; those intimately accquainted with pioneer life and its strug gles well know that two hundred dollars is more than the majority of the pioneers are worth, and more than the larger number re ceive for all the produce they are able to spare in the course of the first three years following their location respectively on the public lands. For the two hundred dol lars he must pay a! the Land Office before or when his two years' pre-emption expires, under penalty of forfeiting his claim, many a hard-working pjoneer is now paying twenty- five per cent, per annum, having given not a mere mortgage hut an absolute deed of his land for security, and taken a precarious article, binding the usurer to reconvey the land to the settler, whenever principal and interest shall have been paid. And this heavy incumbrance will have cost many a settler a thousand hard-earned dollars before it will have been finally and thoroughly ex tinguished. And besides, immense tracts of public lands have been and are annually be ing purchased on speculation by those who expect to. and ultimately will, sell them to actual settlers foi five, ten, or even twenty dollars per acre, without having done any thing whereby a penny is added to their value. The speculator in public lands simply obstructs their settlement, and thus scatters population, prevents the opening of schools, impedes the influx of clergymen, &c., and thus arrests the arrival of the time when the labor of those who settle on the less inviting lands around his t act shall have enhanced its market value to the point whereat he deems it advisable to sell. It may have been a mill-site essential to the whole town ship, a grove amidst extensive prairies where of the timber was required on all sides for habitations, fences and fuel, so that thousands of acres remaining the common property of the people were rendeied unavailable by his grasping j but there was no redress. He who does not realize that the system under which such incidents may and do occur, em bodies features at war with the true and vi tal interests of the old as well as the new States, can hardly have considered how inti mately and thoroughly that,prospcrity of each section and each class in our country is iden tified with the prosperity of every other.— The two millions per annum which the Treasury now receives from land sales do not cost the actual settler less than five millions, for they diminish to a far greater extent the receipts from import duties, the profits of our seaboard merchants, and the incomes of our canals and railroads. And now let us devote a few moments to the consideration of some advantages not yet alluded to, which the old States would de rive from the freedom of the public lands. And first, with regard to population. No even subsist on the Iwst land of the Great Valley if they were transported to and loca ted upon it, will find fit employment and nd- i and the capital. No undisciplined tenantry, however gallant, ever did or ever will fight such battles as Bunker Hill and Bennington. eqate subsistence here by reason of the mi-’Mt is not in human nature that they should. gration to the Y\7est of a move energetic and capable class, when, but for this, they wolud have been objects of charity through a great portion of their lives. Next to the suppres sion of grog-shops, the success of Land Re form will do most of any measures now prac ticable toward the diminution of pauperism, paving the way for its ultimate eradication. Those who have watched the growth of pauperism in this comparatively happy land, and noted how steadily it rolls in upon us in an ever-increasing volume: how alms houses multiply and expand, and taxes for the support of the poor are steadily augmen ted from year to year, will not deem this a consummation to be lightly regarded. To the laboring class—as the workers for wages arc ihdislmctively yet most expressive ly designated—this subject is fraught with the liveliest and most enduring interest. YY7e talk much in this co ntry of the “-dignity of labor,and this is well within certain limits; but the dignity of working till death as some other man’s hireling, is not evident. u La bor is honorable in all f and it is far better to clean boots for a consideration than to saunter in idleness; but he who sits down to clean boots for life, can hardly be said to in dicate in his person the true dignity of man hood. Lie who does well in any sphere, is naturally fitting himself thereby for a higher sphere, or for more decided usefulness in that which he fills. The laborer in any useful employment, who fairly earns his wages, need shrink abashed from no pres ence, no scrutiny; but he is not the best workman in any department who is content to remain theie evermore. To he a useful dependent is rightfully but an apprenticeship for useful independence. The city artisan who toils steadily and faithfully, rearing his children in some straitened garret, with only a breath of fresh air on Sunday,ought to be sus tained and cheered by the prospect of a snug cottage and green fieldswherein toenjoy,with lighter labor, the calm evening of his days. And this prospect should be no deceitful mirage, but the foreshadowing of a benign reality. Yet, with the competition of in creasing numbers qvcv crowding down his wages, while lands constantly and rapidly increase in value, or rather in price, this re fuge for the evening of his days can rarely, save but by special good fortune, be attain ed. Blit let the Freedom of the Public Lands be constantly winning away his fellow-arti sans to the broad and genial \Yrest, while Land Limitation shall be steadily though slowly breaking up large domains, and put ting them into the market throughout our old communities, and he may labor and save in the comforting hope that his days will n A end in a poor-house, nor his body be shovel led to its last rest among the myriad undis tinguished carcases of Toilers Field. To the statesman who scans .the future of our country with an anxious yet hopeful e) e, this whole subject must be one of profound • est interest. Our institutions, admirable ns they are, destined to encounter ordeals more trying than any to which they have yet been subjected. The Dorr convulsion in Rhode Island, happy as was its termination, reveal ed plainly the existence of the yawning chasms in our social structure which may not always be bridged over so readily. If these be, as aristocratic writers assert, a natural antagonism between those who have and those who want, it£ is wise, it is essen tial, that the party of the former be strength* ened for any possible conflict by every means consistent with social justice and in dividual freedom. He also who^haslhoughlful- ly passed from poll to poll at one of our more excited elections, and noted how abundant, how zealous, how bent on success were the shirtless, the worthless, the godless, whom hum maddens and demagogues control; while the considerate, the intelligent, the decent, were hardly to be seen in any num ber, or timidly stepped up to deposit their ballots, and were off and out of sight as soo i as possible, must have realized the necessity, or at least the urgent expediency of strength ening the conservative element in our pol itics, by drawing to its standard all those who properly belong there. The man of stead-fast industry, who trains his children in the fear of God and in the pratice and love of virtue, ought in no case to be surrendered to the associations and the sympathies of the votaries of the grog-shop and the brothel, who delight in projects of rapacity and carn age, and an the natural advocates of the policy of overruning and annexing by force and bloodshed Cuba, Canada, Kamschatka, and the rest of creation, “ I deny,” said YYresley, when remonstrated with for using lively and profane airs in his devotional ex ercises, “ the right of the devil to all the best tunes.'1 In the same spirit, a discerning and considerate statesman should carefully regard the projects of social amelioration which are from time to time presented, in order to dis tinguish and accept those among them which are calculated to extend the dominion of u peace on earth and good-will to man.” If every family had its own fit comfortable home, on sufferance, to be given up just when misfortune or bereavement shall have rendered its secure possession most essentia’, what a world of misery, of vice, and of crime would be obviated ! For the devotees of evil are mainly those who cannot properly be said to have home-, who burrow and lodge and stop, but have no sure and stead fast abiding-place. Those who mainly till our alms'houses and prisons were born in lairs, in hovels, and in temporary* lodgings, to which the sacred name of home has no relevancy, and around which its sanctifying influences do not cluster. The armies of despots and devastaing conquerors are in good part recruited from the dens of tlie home less. No] pirate ever obtained a crew from among the possessors of homes. YVhen. our little army had made its way to the very heart of Mexican powers and dominion, some of its more reflecting individuals stood appall ed, as they well might, in view of the hostile millions by whom they were encircled, until they learned on inquiry, that the great body of these had no homes of their own, and therefore, in the most vital sense, no coun try. Thousands of them slept in the open air, or under any accessible shelter to which a casual storm might impel them; but the houses, the fertile lands from which they drew their meagre and precarious subsist ence, belonged to the Church or to a few great proprietors. Had each Mexican family enjoyed the blessings of a home, the armies of Scott and Taylor, brave as they unques tionably were, would have found many Sara togas and Yorktowns between the Rio Grande “ Defend your hearths and your homes,” is an exhortation calculated to inspire the sluggish, and make even the timid heroic.— And should despotism ever dare to invade this happy land, its legions, however num erous and formidable, will be speedily hurled into the ocean by a citizen soldiery, who instinctively grasp their rifles to defend their homes. They were not wholly wrong, then, those Conservatives of a former generation, who insisted on the possession of land as a quali fication fertile exercise of political power.— There is an intimate connection between in dependence and land-owning, betwenn un yielding patriotism and the secure possession of a hold on the soil-. Their error consisted in the attempt to limit suffrage rather than to extend and diffuse land-owning. Had they labored rather to render each citizen vo ter the owner of a homestead, than to restrict voting to those already in the secure enjoy ment of homes, they would have nobly suc ceeded. The freeholder is by position a conservative. He cannot afford to plunge the country blindly into war, which implies and necessitates an increase of taxation: he cannot afford to trifle with the nation’s in dustry, tranquillity, or prosperity. He must consider, inquire, and reflect as to the true nature and probable consequences of the measure which his vote is cast to uphold or overthrow ; he must weigh arguments and beware of rash conclusion. A nation of freeholders could neither be enslaved them selves nor made the instruments of enslaving others. Look over the broad extent of our coun try, and wherever you find a tract originally granted in small allotments, without price, to the hardy pioneer, there you will find a community conspicuous for general intelli gence, thrift, industry, and virtue. Contrast it with one settled on the opposite principle, the land first granted by royal dispensation in counties to courtly favorites, then doled out no leases to a dependent tenantry, and yon will have the argument for Land Re^ form in practical shape before you, France cannot be permanently enslaved, whatever superficial appearance may indicate. Eng land must be essentially aristocratic, in spile of her intelligence and love of freedom, so long as a few thousand families shall own nine tenths of her soil. It is not possible by any legislati- n. how-, ever benignant, by any human contrivance, however admirable, to obviate all the disas trous effects of human frailty and error.— The idler, the prodigal, the drunkard, cannot be made reputable, respected, or happ 3 r, ex cept by inducing them to become industrious, frugal, and temperate. Nor is it possible to shield their families from some share of the mine iv ■vrVncW thoxv vi«oe invoke upon * ihoir beads. But legislation may say to the drunkard, 11 You, can destroy yourself, if you insist on it, but you shall not be aided by law to complete the destruction of your family. You can deprive them of self-re spect and of comfort; but you shall not be permitted to divest them of a home.” In | taking land measurably out of the list of j commodities, and placing it on that of the j vital and inalienable elements, of life, with air, water, and sunshine, a very great step will have been taken toward the extinction of pauperism and of utter, unrdeeeined desti tution. It would be unjust to close this article without rendering marked acknowledgment to Daniel YY'ebster for his early, earnest, and | most efficient aid to the cause of Land Re form, so far at I asl as the freedom of the public land is involved. Mr-. VY7ebster's in* fluence with that portion of the community most distrustful of changes, especially those which affect the foundations and tenure of property, in unequaled, and his unqualified advocacy of a reform so vital as the freedom of the public lands must exert a wide and enduring influence. No other man living could speak with such authoiity to the un derstandings and convictions of the wealthy, and no other has spoken more decisively or considerately on this question. He has dis cussed many subjects with equal clearness and earnestness; some with greater popular ity and an immediate effect far more signal and pervading; hut none with greater truth nor with a more absolute assurance of ulti mate appreciation and concurrence. YY7hen the stately pyramid of his fame shall have crumbled beneath the slow ravages of time when the honored and powerful shall have been tempted by fresher laurels and perchance a loftier eloquence to'forget the Great States man whose counsels guided and whose wis dom lighted tlie steps of their fathers—there shall gather around the base of that pyramid the undistinguished children of poverty and rugged toil, toevince their changeless grati tude to him whose mighty voice was raised, at the very outset of the struggle, while the sentiment was yet ill understood, and very widely obnoxious, in behalf of free lands for the landless, and inalienable homes. A t t a r o f R o s e s —How it is M a d e . The roses of Ghazipoor, on the river Ganges, are cultivated in enormous fields of hundreds of acres. The delightful odor from these fields can be smelt at seven mile’s distance on tho river. The valuable erticle of commerce known as attar of roses, is made here in tho foluxv- ing mannar; On forty pounds of roses are poured sixty pounds of water, and they are then distilled over a slow fire, and thirty pounds of rose water is then poured over forty pounds of fresh roses, and from that is distilled at most twenty pounds of rose water. This is then ex posed to the cold night air, and in the morning a small quantity of oil is found on the surface. From eighty pounds of roses, about 200,000, an ounce and a half of oil, at the utmost is obtained ; and even at Ghazipoor it costs forty rupees (vventy dollars) an ounce. T h e S e c r e t . —4 I noticed,’said Frank- nin, ‘a mechanic among a number of others, at work on a house erected but a little way from my office, who always appeared to be in a merry humor, who had a kind word and a cheerful smile for every one he met. Let the day be ever so cold, gloomy, or sunless, a happy smile danced like a sunbeam on his cheerful countenance. Meeting him one morning, I asked him to tell me the se cret of his constant happy flow of spirits. ‘No secret, D o ctor/ he replied, ‘I have got one of the best »f wives; when 1 go to work, she always has a kind word of encouragement for me, and when I go home she always meets me with a smile and a kiss—and then tea is . sure to be ready, and she has done so many little things during the day to please me, that 1 cannot find it in my heart to speak an unkind word to any body.’ The late Collector of the port of New Orleans, YYilliam Frevet, Esq., is about to carry out his design of erecting an iron shaft in that city, to perpetuate the passage of the Compromise Act. This monument is to be surmounted by a bust of Ilenry Clay, and is to contain on its base the name of the members of the Committee of Thirteen, which reported that law. A greenhorn was swindled out of be tween $100 and $200 in New York, on Monday, by tho Peter Funks. The Po lice got hold of the matter, and the swin dlers were made to disgorge. YYhy don’t folks l ead the papers ? Vr. YVebsfer made a speech on Thurs day evening at the dinner given by the St. Nicholas Society in New York to the officerseof the Dutch fiigate. He j raised Holland warmly, and brought down the house by such expressions of his feelings as this : “ I can never forget that the Dutch yielded us sympathy- yielded us, as we say in our day, material aid, (cheers) and when our prospects were threatened with blight, gave us the timely assistance of the sinews of war,” The registration returns of Connecticut state the whole number of births, last year, at 8 3 6 2 ; deaths, 4767 ; marriages^ 2,995. Increase of births, 784 ; of mar riages, 111 ; decrease of deaths, 403. In the town of Hartford, the returns were, 467 births; 78 marriages ; and 225 deaths. Of the dea hs, were 66 between the ages of 90 and 100, and one In Fairfield county over one bundled, 696 were ur.der one year old. The lental of England, Scotland and YVales is £34,000,000. The Navy of Gieat Britain contains 5S0 vessels, The British Army contains 122,000. * Troy contributed $1100 to Kossuth. The bill of expenses, at the Troy House, foivthe entertainment of the guest and his suite, was $55 and some cents. I Gorgcy has published his woik on the Hungarian Revo ution, hut it is so strictly prohibited in Vienna, that some of the first men in the empire have applied for it to the Governor of the cit> in vain. It is evidently the intention of Government that the work should disappear without leaving any trace behind ill It is said the principal reason why the book is so strictly prohibited is, that the author asserts that the Hungarians were on legal ground up to “ the declaration of in dependence at Debreczin, on the I4lh of A- ril, 1849* It is said that Gorgey does not at tempt to conceal the fact of his having com pletely broken with the patriotic party from that time. The Austrian Government has lately com plained to that of Prussia that numbers of medals, bearing the effigy of Kossuth, find their way over the upper Silesian frontier in to Gallicia and Hungary. Searches have been made by the police, and several collec tions of such medals have been seized. Some of the employees of the Prussian Govern ment have, been dismissed for having similar articles in their possession. The receipts of the Erie Railroad for the month of May wifi be about $ 350 , 000 , mak ing $1,000,000 since the first of January, which exceeds the Directors’ estimates. The venerable Dr. NoU, President of Union College, made a long and exceed ingly fine address in introducing K o s s u t h to the citizens of Schenectady. Such veneruted men as Drs, Nott a tut Beman remember too distinctly the tjme that tried men’s souls in this country, to regard with other feelings than respect and admiration,the character and mission of the great Hungarian patriot. Such harpies as delight in exhuming dead and buried calumnies, and revel in the filth of personality, of coure defame K o s s u t h . It is their vocation ,— Rochester Democrat . How t o U se C h l o r o f o r m . — The London Lancet states that chloroform may be used with prefect safety, if inhal ed for some minutes with a large quanti ty of atmospheric air, concentrating the chloroform by degrees, so as to consume eight or ten minutes in producing in sensibility. In this manrier surgical op erations of the most delicate kind may be carried on for a whole hour, and with out danger of accident. The Committee appointed by the Senate of Maryland to frame a liquor bill similar to the Maine Law have reported against the meas- V e - T h e A d v a n t a g e s o f D oing N o t h in g fo r a L iv i n g . —The census of Massa chusetts shows that the average life of what is called gentlemen is 69 years that of professional men 5 0 —laborers 44 and paupers 60 ! However, the long est lives do not always have the most in them. Those who work hardest live fastest, and get over the same ground in less time—so in the end there is nothing lost. . * r i
