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«•>» # » > - ^UlUT- _ — t•-!.-!< «».T. w «»*•» - - V, S L .f'S \ £•— i -•-• •- .. l GENEVA COURIER, PUBLISHED EVERY WEDNESDAY MORNING No. 39 Seneca Street, Up-Stalrt, . BY C L E V E L A N D & L O O K T E R M S : To village subscribers who receive the pa pers by the carrier,$2,00, T o mail subscribers, Sind those who receive their papers at the office, $1,50. Fifty cents will be added in all cases where payment is not made within threemonths. No papers will be discontinued until arrearages are paid. TERMS OF ADVERTISING. e CLEVELAND & LOOK, Proprietors. :B15EI@W(5}IE!i3l® ©IF l5£l©=3D^.^l C. CLEVELAND, Editor, O ie * qtrire'one week, $o,*o »* three *4 1,00 +*■ M three month* ♦ 3,00 **• . •> *1* “ f',00 *» w r r f ex t 8,00 HM’f nd'mrm one verar# - 25 UO One • i It m . 40.00 B isin essC jrdrinserfedonp year for 5,00 VOL. XXII. -NO 3. GENEVA, N. Y.; WEDNESDAY MORNING, DECEMBER 24, 1851. WHOLE NO. 1095. DOCT. J. HOWE, Homoeopathic P l i y s i c ian W OULD inform the inhabitants of the vil lage of Geneva and vicinity, that he has taken the Offices recently occupied by D oct, H . W. B ell , where he will, at all.times, be in readiness to attend to professional calls. Office and Residence the same building. Geneva, Oct. 1, 1851. 1084 KOSSUTH’S SPEECH, S. d o c t o r r h o a d b OFFICE AND RESIDENCE ON SENECA STREET, Nearly opposite the M ansion H ouse . 68 R U S S E L R O B B I N S , BOOKBINDER, AND BLANK BOOK MANU FACTURER, Orer D in a r , O rton ,fc Co.’ s Book Store, Geneva, N. Y. 80 H A L L , R U C K E L & CO,, • V H O L E S A L E D R U G G I S T S , AMD DEALERS IN i P a i n t s , O i l s , W h i t e L e a d ) D y e S t u f f s , F a n c y A r t i c l e s , & c . ; N o . 220 GREENWICH St., one Door below Barclay s t , New York, Invite the patronage of Country Dealers in general. N. B. Manufacturers of the best Friction M atches in the world. GmOO . A J . H O P K I N S IMPORTERS AND BALERS OF BAR AND BUNDLE IRON, Cast, Blister, and Spring Steel; Amer ican, English, and German Hard ware; Nails, Anvils, Vices, A c ., & c M 9 3 B a r c l a y S t , N e w Y o r k . 6m69 W M . F . L E A M A N Plain and Ornamental Painter, G r a i n i n g & I n t e r n a l D e c o r a t i o n s , i for Public, and Private Houses, done in the best style of the art. Gm69 S e n e c a s t . , G e n e v a ) N . Y . T si HOMAS & HALEY, Importers, &. Wholesale Dealers in ( ® i f <& 3 d ® 2 £ i t s a p a s GREEN AND DRIED .... 0* IB W tl SI? S » %J\4e-vWashington Street, IK.lt EM 1 AII HALEY 69y 1 At the Editorial Banquet , in the City of New York, Monday Evening, Dec. 15, 1851. ■ i . , G e n tl e m e n : , Rising, respectfully to return m y m o st warm thanks for the honor o f the toast, and the high benefit o f the sym p a thy manifested by this sol- I emn demonstration, it is with mingled | feelings o f j o y and fear that I address I y ° u , g e n t lem e n ! I address you w i'h jo y . because, con scious of the immensity o f the pow e r which you w ield, it is natural to feel som e aw e in addressing those in w h o se hands the success or the failure o f our hopes is placed ; still 1 equally know that, in you r hands, gentlem e n , the In dependent Republican Press is a w e a p on, but a w e a p o n to defend truth and justice, and not to offend ; it is no screen to hide, no snuffers to extinguish the light, but a toi ch lit at the fire ofim m o r- tality, a spark o f \ n Inch is glistening in every man’s soul, to prove its divine origin ; a torch which you wield loftily and high to spread light with it to the most lonely regions o f humanity. And as the cause of my country is the cause o f justice and truth ; as it has in no respect to fear light, but rather wants nothing but light to see secured to it the support and protection of every friend of freedom , o f every noble-m inded man, these are the reason why l address you with j o y , gentlemen. T h e m ore with jo y , because, though it is sorrowful to see that ill-willed mis representations or secret Austrian in trigues, distorting plain, open history to a tissue o f falsehood and lies, know how to find their way even to a small, insignifi cant part o f the Am erican press, still I am proud and happy to see that the im mense majority o f the American press not only proved inaccessible to these venom ous intrigues, hut conscious o f the o . noble vocation o f an Independent Press, and yielding to the generous inclination o f Freem en, o f protecting truth and ju s tice against the dark p i n s o f tyranny, lias, without any interference on my pan, not feel offended at my stating the fact, that there is no practical freedom o f the press. T h e freedom o f the press, to be a practical one, must be a com m on benefit to all— else it is not freedom but a pri vilege. It is wanting tw o ingredients slippery ground, the limits of which lie 'soon would tread upon the ruins o f hb- but within the arbitrary plaasure of your erty, mourning over the fragility of hu- Censor— doomed by profession to be man hopes. stupid, and a coward, and a fo o l ;— to 1 H a p p y art thou, free nation o f Airier- know all this, and yet not to curse your ica, that thou hast founded thy house destiny— not to deny that you know upon the only solid basis o f a nation’s how to read and to write, but to g o on, liberty! L iberty! A principle, steady freedom o f printing and freedom o f read -1 day by day, in the torturing work o f (like the w o rld, eternal like the truth, ing. N o w there is no ft eedorn o f read-1 Sysiphus. Oh! it is the greatest sacrifice t and universal for every climate, for eve ing there, because there is no possibility | w h ich an intelligent man can make to ry time, like Providence. T h o u hast no fatherland and humanity ! j tyrants am ong thee to throw the apple And this is the present condition o f j o f Eroa in thy Union. Thou hast no the Press, not in H ungary only, but in | tyrants among thee to raise the fury o f all c mntries cursed by Austrian rule.— . hatred in thy national fam ily— hatred of Our past revolution gave freedom to the ! nations, that curse of humanity, that veil* Press, not only to my fatherland,but by jom o u s instrument o f Despotism, indirect influence also to Vienna,Prague, f«>r the people at large to do so ; because the circulation o f newspapers, the in dispensable moral food o f human intellect, is by a heavy taxation, checked. T h e Press is a source o f public revenue, and by the incumbrance o f stamp and paper duties m ade almost inaccessible to the H e n c e it is that the newspapers BULKLEY, BENNETT & CO., Manufaciurersof, and Wholesale and Retail Dealers in CABINET WARE AND FURNITURE. W a r e R o o m s —4 1 S e n e c a s t ,) GENEVA, N - Y. 50 S U P E R I O R C H A I N P U M P , M4NUFACTURED AND SOLD, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. BY D. MABXE, O p p o s i t e t l i e T e m p e r a n c e H o u s e , CASTLE S T ., GESEVA, N Y, 4 1v D . T . CLEVELAND, F i r e , M a r i n e , L i f e , a m i l l e a l t n INSURANCE AGENT. (OKKICe AT TUB COURIER OFFICE, SOUTH SIDE RK8F.CA STREET, NO. 39, UP STAIRS.) DR. J- S. STEVENS, O fice with Dr. E. Barnes, EasUide Park Place, Main Street. Residence, Main Street, 2nd door above the Post O f f i c e . _______ _______ DR. WM KIMBER, Physicianand Surgeon—-Office,five doors north of the Bank 48 GEO. P. MOWRY, Dealer in Drugs, Medicines, e t c ., N c . 10,Sen eca street. A. D. PLATT Wholesale and retail dealer in Drugs, Groce ries, Paints and Dyes, No. 8 Seneca street. H P ARM EL HE, Dealer in Drugs, M elicines, Paints, Oils, Dye Stuffs and Groceries, No. 2 L Seneca st. C. W H EAT, Dealer in Fancy & Staple Dry Goods, N o. 36 Seneca street, Geneva. __________ ' COBB A l SMITH, Dealers in Fancy and Staple Dry Goods, Carpet ing, etc,—store at No 23, Seneca street. H. U. & G. C. SGELYE, Faihinnable Dry Goods, No 30. Seneca street VROMAN BECKER, Dealer in Dry Goods, Groceries, Crockery,Glass and Wooden Ware, Cutlery, Nails,etc.— Water, a little south of Tillman street. _______ P. A. BIUTTON~& CO., ~ \ Dealer in Staple and Fancy Goods, Groceries. e t c ., nt No 10, Seneca street. DERBY, ORTON & CO., booksellers, Stationers, Bookbinders, etc., N 22 Seneca street. ______ W ILLIAM H. SM ITH, Bookseller, Stationer, Blank Book Manufacturer and Binder. No. 31 Seneca street. 4 ' W IG trF& T cLA R K , Fashionable Hat Store, No 11, Seneca street. 1 J. R. JOHNSTON, Manufacturer o f Steam Engines, Boilers, Mil Gearings, etc., at the Seneca Lake Foundiy Water street, G e n e v a . _____________________ 4 E D G A R H . H URD, Attorney and C o u n s e llor at L a w C o m m i s s i o n e r o f L o a n s , T a x A g e n t and Agent for -The M e r c h a n t’ * F ire In s u r a n c e C o m p a - o f B u f fa lo . C a p ita l, § 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 . T h e F a n n e r ’ * Insttrauce C o m p a n y o f {W a shington Ce T h e M u tual L i f e In s u r a n c e C o m p a n y 1>f New Y o r k , /^inUiarly known as *’The Morris Robinson This Company has a net accumulated Fund o f o v e r $1,0 0 0 ) 0 0 0 . OFFICE, North side of Seneca St., near ^ a r m k l k e ’ s Drugstore. Geneva, N, Y. 1036 A.D. HOPPING & CO.. MANUFACTURERS OF TB i b ® © m S e a n d w h o l e sa l e d e a l e r s in P a in t e d P a ii8i Wood and W illo w _ . ~ Ware, Brushes. BASKETS, CORDAGE, &c. 2 i 4 W ashington st ., Botwoon Barclay and Vcsey Sts. ,Vew Y o r k . ___________ C-i,n6 Wash ngton Temperance House. GENEVA, N. Y . O . EDM ONSTON, W ould say to the former patrons of this popular House, while under the Direction of W m . L - P e a r c e , that no pains will be spared on his part, to make it agreeable to them, and the travelling Public. Carriage always retdy,at all the Trains, and Boau to carry Passengers and Baggage to and from the House, Froe of charge 61 E M I L A U G U S T H U B E R , Would call the attention o f tL* public to his N e w B r e w e r y , a t M ile P o in t s W HERE he will furnUh pure intpunad G e r m a n an d F r e n c h Wines) et private use, which will be sold at the lowest i^ c e s , in beetles, o r by lhe Gallon, NEW YORK. --------------- com e forth to protect the sacred cause ot Hungary. T h e Independent Press of this great R e p u b lic has in this very case also proved to the world that even against the mischievous pow e r of calumnies the most efficient protection is the B'reedotn o f the Press, and not preventive m ea sures, condem n ing human intellect to e- ternal minority. I address you, gentlemen, the more with jo y , because, through you I have the invaluable benefit to address the w h o le university of the gieat, glorious and free people of the U . S. That is a great word, gentlemen, and yet is literally true. W hile eighty years ago immortal Franklin’s ow n press was almost the on ly one in the Colonies, now there are over three thousand newspapers in the U . S. having a circulation o f five mil lions of copies, and amounting in their yearly circulation to the prodigious num ber of neaily four and a half hundred millions ; evety grow n men hi the U n ion rends on the average tw o newspapers a week and one hundred and five copies a y e a r ; nearly eighteen copies, fall, in the proportion to the population to every human being in the U n ion, man,woman, and child. I am told that the journals of N e w Y o i k State alone exceed in number those o f all the rest of the world beyond your great Union, and the circulation o f the newspapers of this City alone nearly e x ceeds those o f the w h o le E m p ire o f Great Britain. But there is yet one particularly re- m a.kable fact which I cannot forbear to mention, gentlemen : 1 boldly declare that beyond the U . S. there exists scarcely a practical F r e e dom o f the P r e s s ; at least in Europe, not except, perhaps, N o r w a y , of whose condition in that respect I am not quite aware. Y o u know , gentlemen, how the press is fettered throughout the E u r o p e an Continent, even fur the present, in France itself, whose great nation, by a strange fate, sees under a nominal R e publican but centralized Government, all the glorious fruits o f their great and victorious Revolutions wasting between the blasting fingers o f centralized admin- r) O istrative and legislative omnipotence. Y o u know how the Independent Press o f France is murdered by imprisonment o f their Editors and by fees ; you know how the present G o v e rnm e n t o f France feels unable to bear the force o f public opinion— so m u ch that in the French Republic the very legitimate shout o f 14 Vive la Repubiique” has almost becom e a crim e. This very circum stance is sufficient to prove that in that glorious land, w h ere the warm and noble heart o f the French nation throbs with self-confidence and noble pride, a new R e v o lution is an unavobla- bfe necessity. It is a mournful view which the grsat French nation now pre sents, but it is also an efficient warning against the propensities of centraliza tion, inconsistent with freedom , because inconsistent with self-governm ent, and it is also a source o f hope for the E urope an continent, because w e know that things in F r a n c e cannot endure thus as ihey a r e ; vve know that to becom e a true R e p u b lic is a necessity for France, and thus w e know also that whoever be the man, w h o in the approaching crisis poor. in the United States are only one-tenth, and in som e cases one-twentieth the price of English or French papers, end hence, again, is the im m ense difference in their circulation. In the United States several o f the daily papers every morning reach from thirty to fortv thousand .leaders, whereas The London Times is co n sidered to be a monster power, because it has a circulation o f from twenty-five to thirty thousand copies, o f w h ich, 1 was told during my stay in England, that the good, generous sense o f the peo ple has abated som e six thousand copies, in consequence o f its foul hostility to the just and sacred cause o f Hungary. Such being the condition o f your Press, gentlem en, it must o f course be a high source o f joyful gratification to me to have the honor to address you , gentle men ; because in addressing you I really address the whole people o f the United States— not only a w h o le people, but a whole intelligent people, gentlemen. That is the highest praise which can upon a people be bestowed, and yet is no praise— it is the acknowledgm ent o f a real fact. T h e very immensity .of the circulation of your journa's proves it to be so— because this immense circulation is not only due to that constitutional l ight o f 3 ours to speak and print freely your opinions ; it is not due to the cheap price which makes your press a com m on benefit to all, and not a privilege to the rich— but it is chiefly due to the univer sality of public instruction which enables every citizen to read. It is a glorious thing to know that in this flourishing young City alone, where streets o f splendid buildings proudly stand where a few years ago the river spread its waves or the plow tilled, neatly one hundred thousand children receive public educa tion annually D o you know, gentleman, where I consider the most glorious monument of your country ?— if it be so as 1 have read it cu r e — it is that fact, that when in the steps of wandering squatters your engi neers go on to draw geometrical lines, even in the,Territories where the sound o f a human step never yet has mixed with the murmurs by which virginal na ture is adoring the Lord ; in every place marked to becom e a township, on every sixteenth square you place a modest wooden pole, with the glorious murk, «. POPULAR EDUCATION STOCK .’ 1 This id\our proudest monument. will bo honored by the confidence of the French nation, he will, he must be faith ful to that principle o f Fraternity to wards the other nations, which being an nounced by the French Constitution to the w o rld, raised such encouraging, but bitterly disappointed expectations thro’ E e r o p e ’s oppressed Continent. But it is chiefly, almost only Great Britain in E urope which boasts to have a Free Press, and to be sure during my brief stay in England I joyfully saw that really there is a freedom to print, almost an unlimited one, so far that 1 saw printed advertisements spread at every corner, and signed by the publishres, stating that Queen Victoria is no lawlul Queen—— that she ought to be sent to the Tower and all those who rule ought to be hanged. Men laughed, and nobody oared about the foolish extravangancy; And yet I dare eay, and I hope the generous people o f Great Britain wilj H o w e v e r , be this really the case or not, in every case, in my opinion, it is nut your geographical situation, not your material power, not lhe bold, enterprising spirit «>f your people which l consider to lie the chief gurranlee of your country’s future, but the universality of education; beaause an intelligent people never can consent not to be free. Y o u will he al ways willing to be free, and you are great and pow e iful enough tv be so good as your will. M y humble prayers to benefit my country’s cause, 1 mu>t so address to the puh|:c opinion o f the w h o le intelligent people o f the U . S. Y o u are the mighty engineers o f this sovereign pow e r upon which rest my country’s hopes— it must be, therefore, highly gratifying to me, to see not isolated men, but the powerful com p lete o f the great word “ P ress ,” granting m e this important manifesta tion o f generous sentiments and o f sym pathy. Still I address you with fear, gentlemen, because you are aware that since my arrival here, I had the great honor and valuable benefit to see my whole time agreeably occupied by the reception o f the most noble manifesta tions of public sympathy, so much that it became entirely impossible for me to be thus prepared to address you, gentle men, in a language which l but very im- perfecilv speak— as the great im p ort ance o f this occasion would have re quired, and tny high regards for you r selves had pointed out as a duly to me. H o w e v e r , I hope you will take this very circumstance for a motive o f e x cuse. Y o u will generously consider that whenever and wherever I publicly speak, it is always chiefly spoken to the Press ; and lowering your expectations to the humility o f my abilities, and to the level o f the principal difficulties o f my situation, you will feel inclined to som e kind indulgence for me, were it only out o f brotheriy generosity for one of your professional colleagues, as I profess te be one. Y e s , gentlemen, it is a proud recol ection o f my life that I com m e n ced my public career in the humble capacity of a journalist. A n d in that respect I may perhaps be som ewhat entitled to your brotherly indulgence, as you , in the hap py condition which the institutions o f you r country insures to you , can have not even ail idea o f the tortures o f a journalist w h o has to write with fettered hands, and w ho is more than fettered by an Austrian arbitrary preventive Censor- ship. Y o u have no idea what a torture it is to sit dow n to your writing desk, the breast full o f the necessity of the m om ent, the heart full of the righteous feelings, the mind full o f convictions and o f principles— and all this warmed by the lively fire o f a patriot’s heart— and to see before your eyes the scissors o f the Censor ready to fall upon your head, like tho sword o f D a m o cles, lopping your ideas, maiming your argum ent!, murder ing your thoughts ; and his pencil before your eyes, ready to blot out, with a sin gle draft, the work o f your laborous days and o f your sleepless nights ; and to k n o w th a t t h e p e o p l e w i l l j u d g e y o u , n o t b y w h a t y o u h a v e fe l t , t h o u g h t o r w r i t t e n , b u t b y w h a t t h e C e n s o r w i l l i ; to k n o w th a t t h e g r o u n d u p o n w h i c h y o u stand is not a ground known to you, be cause limited by rules( but at* unknown L e m b e rg ; in a w o rd, to the whole em pire of Austria. This very circum stance must be sufficient to insure your sym pathy to my country’s cause ; as,on the contrary, the very circumstance that the victory o f the Hapsburgian dynasty, achieved by treason and Russian arms, was a watch word to oppress the Press in H u n g a ry, in Austria, in Italy, in G e r many— nay, throughout the European Continent. T h e contemplation that the freedom o f the Press on tho European Continent is inconsistent with the pre ponderance o f Russia, and the very existence o f the Austrian dynasty, this sworn enem y of freedom and o f every liberal thought— this very circumstance must be sufficient to insure your gener ous support, to sweep away those ty rants and to raise liberty where now foul oppression proudly rules. Gentlem en, a considerable time ago there appeared in certain N e w Y o r k pa pers a systematic com p ound o f the most foul calumnies, falsehood and m isrepre sentations about the Hungarian cause, going so far as, with unexampled effront ery, to state that w e struggled for o p pression, while it was the cursed A u s trian dynasty which stood forth for lib erty. N o w there is a degree o f effront ery, the temerity of which becomes as tonishing even to me, who, having seen the unexam p led treachery o f the house o f Austria, became familiar with the old Rom a n m axim , u nil admirari” through my tempest-tos<ed life W e may be misrepresented, scoi ned, jeered, charged with faults ; our martyrs, tho blood of whom cries for levenge, may be laughed at as fools ; and even heroes, com m a n d ing the veneration o f history, may he re presented as Don Quixotes o f tragi-com- edy ;— all this l could, if not bear, at least conceive. I have seen strange spe cimens of the aberrations o f the human mind ; but that, in the midst of the most mournful sufferings, not even the honor o f an unfortunate nation should be sa cred to som e men, w h o enjoy the bene fit o f free institutions and profess to be Republicans— that is too much ! it is a sorrowful page in mankind’s history. You cannot, o f course, expect to see me, on this occasion, entering into a spe cial refutation o f this astonishing com pound of calumnies. I will reserve it for my pen, so soon as l can have a ftee day for it. It will be very easy work, because all artificial com p ounds o f mis representations must fall into dust before the dispassionate, plain statement o f facts, the greatest part o f which, I thank fully have to acknowledge, are already not unknown to you. Permit me rather to make some hum ble remark upon the question o f u na tionalities” which play such an im p ort ant, and, I dare say, such a mischievous part in the destinies of Europe. I say mischievous, because no word ever was so much misrepresented or mistaken as the word 11 n a t i o n a l i t y s o that it w o ’ d be indeed a great benefit to humanity, could I succeed to contribute something to the rectification of this idea, the mis representations o f w h ich became the most mischievous instrument in the hands o f absolutism against the spirit o f lib erty. Let me ask you, gentlemen, are you, the people o f the United States, a nation or not I H a v e you a National G overn ment or not 1 H a v e y o u ? Y o u answer y e s ; and yet y o u , the people o f the United Slates are not all o f one blood, and speak not one language. Millions o f you speak English, others French, others German, others Italian, others Spanish, others D a nish, and even several Indian dialects— and yet you are a nation ! And your Government, even the .gov ernment o f your single Slates; nay, the municipal governments o f your different cities, are not legislating and governing and administering in all and every lan guage spoken in your Union, in the re spective States ami in the respective cit ies themselves— and yet you have a N a tional G o v e r n m e n t ! N o w , suppose that one part o f the people o f the United States, struck by a curse like that with which the builders o f Babel were onco struck, should at once rise and say — u T h e Union in which w e live is an oppression to us. Ourlaws, our institutions, our State and City G o v ernments, our very freedom, is an op- pressionion to us! W h a t is Union to us I what rights? what laws ? what free- Q dom ? what history? what geography? what com m u n ity of interests? They are all nothin. Language— that is all. Let us divide the Union ; divide the Slates; divide the very cities. Let us divide the whole territory, by, and ac cording to languages, and then let the people o f every language live distinct, and form each o separate State. Be cause every nation has a right to a na tional life, and to us the language is the nation— nothing else; and your Union, your rights, your laws, and your free dom itself, though com m on to us, is an oppression to us, because language is the only basis upon which States must be founded. E v e r y thing else is tyranny.” W h a t would you say o f such reason ing? W hat would becom e of your great U n ion ? W h at of your Constitu tion— this glorious legacy o f your great est man— those immortal stars on man kind’s moral canopy ? W h a t would be com e of your country itself, whence the spirit o f freedom spreads its mighty wings and rising hope clears up the fu ture o f humanity ? W h a t would become o f this grand, m ighty com p lex o f ypur Republic, should it ever be attacked in its consistency by the furious hands of the fanatacism of longuage ? Where now she wanders and walks am ong the rising temples o f human happiness, she it should yield up large territory because »■ tuiies in Hungary. T h e public proceed one part o f the inhabitants speak a differ- logs having been carried on in Latin, ent tongue, and would claim from H u n - the laws given in Latin, the people were rary to divide its territory which G o d excluded from the public life. Public himself has limited by its range o f tnoun- instruction being carried on in Latin, the tains, and the system o f streams, as also great musft o f the people, being agricul- by all the links o f a com m u n ity o f m ore turers, did not partake in it, and the few Noadvertis'iinent will be churged les*th?>r onesquare, md all .Mlvertisemeiits will be con tinned until ntherwiseordered N. B. All idvertijements mu-t be brought in by Tu •« lay morning in or ler to secure an insertion thesame week. than a thousand years, to cut oft*our right hand, Transylvania, and to give it up to the neighbring W a ll»chia, to cut out, like S h y lock, one pound o f our very breast— the Banal— and the rich country between the Danube and Theiss— to aug- __ O ment by it Turkish Serbia and so foith. It is the new ambition o f conquest, but an easy conquest, not by arms but by language. S«> much I know , ot least, that this absurd idea cannot, and will not be ad vocated by any man here in the United Slates, which did not open its hospitable shores to humanity, and greet the flock ing millions o f emigrants with the light o f a citizen, in order that the Union may be cut to pieces, ami even your single States divided into new framed, inde pendent countries by and according to languages. And do you know , gentlemen, whence this absurd theory sprung up on the E u ropean Continent? It was the idea o f Panslavismus— that is the idea that the mighty slock ot Sclavonic races is called to rule the world, as once the Roman did. It was a Russian plot— it was lhe infernal idea, to make out o f national feelings a tool to Russian preponderance over the world. Pethaps you are not aware o f the his torical origin o f this plot. It was affer the third division of Poland, this most immoral act o f tyranny, that the chance o f fate brought the Prince Czartorisky to the Court o f Catharine o f Russia.— He subsequently becam e Minister of A lexander the Czar. It wras in this quality that, with the noble aim to bene fit his dow n trodden fatherland, he claim ed from the young Czar the restoration o f Poland, suggesting for equivalent the idea o f Russian preponderance over all nations o f the old Sclavonic race. I be liove his intention was sincere; I believe he thought not to misconsider those nat ural borders, w h ich, besides the affinity o f language, G o d himself has between the nations drawn. But he forgot that the spirits which he raises, he will not he able to master m ore, and that uncall ed fanaticism will sundry fantastical Francis Joseph o f Austria no more to'shapes force into his frame, by wdiich exist as a Nation, no more as a State.— the frame itself must burst in pieces soon. It was and is put under martial la w ; H e forgot that Russian preponderance strangers rule, in a foreign tongue, where cannot he propitious to liberty ; he for- our fathers lived and our brothers bled got that it can even not be favorable to T o be a Hungarian, became almost a the developm ent o f the Sclave national- crime in our ow n native land. N o w , to 'ity , because Sclavonic nations would by justify before the world the extinction ' this idea be degraded into individuals o f o f H n n g a ry, the partition of its territory, Itussianism— all absoibed by Russia, ami again the centralization o f the dis- that is, absorbed by despotism, seated limbs into the com m o n body o f Russia got hold o f the sensible idea servitude, the treacherous dynasty 'vastjvery readily. M a y be that young Alex- anxious to show that the Hungarians are ander had in the first moment, noble in- in the minority in their own native land, 'clinations; he was young, and the warm T h e y hoped that intimidation and ter- heart o f youth is,susceptible to noble in* roristn would induce even the very H un- stincts. It is not com m on in history, garians— Magyars, as w e are in our own such Francis Joseph o f Austria,-so young language termed— to abnegate their lan-jand yet such a N e r o as he is. But few guage and birth. T h e y ordered a cen- years o f power were sufficient to extin- sus of nationalities to be made. T h e y jguish every spark o f noble sentiment— performed it with the iron rule o f mar- if there was one in Alexander’s young .i i i. . « . , W h a t a glorious sight it is to see the oppressed o f many different countries, different in language, history, and habits, wandering to thy shores, and becoming members o f thy great nation, regenerat ed by the principle o f com m on liberty ! W ould I could do the same ! hut l can’t, because I love m y native land, in expressibly, boundless, fervently. I love it more than life, more than happiness : I love it more in its gloom y sufferings, than I would in its proudest, happiest days, W h a t makes a nation ? Is it the lan guage only 1 Then there is no great, no powerful nation on earth, because there is no mi-derately large country in the World, w h o s o population is counted by millious, where you would not find sev eral languages spoken. N o ! It is not language only which makes a nation. Com m u n ity o f inter ests, com m u n ity o f historj', communities o f tight and duties, but chiefly com m u nity o f institutions o f a population, which though perhaps different in tongue, and belonging to different races, is bound to gether by its daily intercourse in their towns, the centers o f their homely com merce and homely industry, the very mountain ranges, and system ol livers and streams, the soil, the dust o f which is mingled with the ashes o f those an cestors w h o bled on the same field, for the same interest— the com m on inherit ance o f glory and o f w o e , the com m u n i ty of laws, tie of institutions, tie o f c o m mon freedom or com m o n oppression,—• all this enters into the definition o f a na tion. That this is true— that this is in stinctively felt hy the com m o n sense o f the people, nowhere is more apparently shown that at this very moment in my native land. Hungary was declared by who, out o f the ranks o f tho people, par- t >ok in it, became, hy the very ir.struc- au despotism. W e snuggled for the great principle uf self Government »- gainst centralization ; and, because cen tralization, absolutism. Yes, cei Iraiiza- tioti is absolutism ; it is inconsistent with constitutional rights. Austria I os given the very pmnfot it. The House o f Aus tria had never the slightest intention to grant constitutional life to the nations ol* lion, severed and alienated from- t h e ! E u rope. I will prove it on another nc- people’s interests. This dead Latin Ian-! cusiiui. It hates Constitutions as l ell guage, introduced into the public life o f hates the su’ xNiiion of Immnn souls. But a living nation, was the mischievous bar- 1 the friends uf the Hapuburgs say it has rier against liberty. T h e first blow to it gianted a Constitution— in Match, 1849. was stricken hy Reform ation. T h e Fro- W e l l ; where is that entislifution now ? testant C h u ich, introducing the national It was not only never executed, bur it language into tl.e Divine services, b e c o m e 1 vvas ri.reo months ago f.imally wills- a medium to the development of the diuwn. Even tin- wotd Ministry i» blot- spirit o f liberty. So were our ancient ; , ed out from the dictionary ol the A u s - struggles for religious liberty always c* n - . trian (Im eriimeiit. Schwnizvnburg i.i nected with the maintenance of political afiain House, Court, and State Chan- rights. But still, Latin public life went ceH 'L as Muternieh was; only M e l on so far as to 1790, A t tha time, J o - ttimich ruled not vitli the iron rule of seph of H a p sburg, aiming at rentralizn- ( martial law over the whole Empire ot lion, replaced the Latin by the German , Amu i:i ; Schwarzeuburg dues. *Mel- tongue. This raised the national spirit j *e nn henciuiuliudupontheronstilution- o f Hungary ; and out forefa hers, seeing al rights of Hungary, Tian-vlvania, that the dead Latin language excluded Croatia, and Slavonia Schwarzt-nherg the people from tho public concerns, ha# abolished them, ami the young N e r o , could design uf the Viennese Cabinet o f Francis Joseph, melted all nations to- Germ anizing Hungary, and so melting it gather in a common bondage, where the into the com m on absolutism of the A us - 1 promised equality of nationalities is car- trian dynasty— I say, anxious to oppose rie<I nut must literally, to he sure, br- tliis design by a cheerful public life of the cause they are all equally oppressed, and people itself, begun in tho year 1790, *ril are equally ruled by absolutisticnl passed laws in the diiection that hy and- principles in the Gymuti langi age.— by, step by step, the Latin language, fa-1 And why was that illusory Constitution mailiar to the people itself. And H u n -, withdrawn ? Because it was u lie from gary being Hungary, what was more the beginning; because it was an un natural than that, being in the necessity 'possibility. And why s-i; Because it to choose one language, they chose one was founded upon the princit le o f cen- latiguage, they chose the Hungarian Ian- 1 Utilization, and centralized ihiiieen dit- guage in and for Hungusy, the more be- jferont nations, which now groan under cause that was tho langu go spoken in Austrian rule; and yet, to have a cmi- Hungary, not only by acom p a ritive ma- slitutioiial I if , is mure than an impossi- jority ; that is, those w h o spoke H u n - , bdlty. It is an absurdity, it is an op pression augmented by deceit. I cannot exhaust this vast tonic in one speech, so I go to the end. I 1 nly state cleat ly my own and my nation's rufing principle, even in respect to the claims of the not onaltties of languages : • , n o » and that i<,— we will have Republican ins.itutions,founded on universal suffrage, and mi the m j-o ty o f the sovereign people ahull rule, in ex'ery respect, in the village, in the city, in the country, in the Congress and Government— in nil and evor) thing. What to the public corcerns o f the village, of the city, of the countrv o f ti e C o » g r c ;s belongs— self- government every who* e— and universal suffrage and the rule of the majority ev- rywhere. That is our prineij le, for which w o live and are leady to die. This is the cause for which 1 humbly request the protecting aid of (be | eoplu of the United States, and <bietly your aid and protection, gentlemen,— you, lial law ; they em ployed terrorism in the highest degree, so much that thousands of wom en and men, w h o preteased to he M agyars, preferred not to know, nay, not to have perhaps heard any other lan guage than the M agyar, notwithstanding all their protestations, were put down to be Sclaves, Serbs, Germans, or W a l- lachians, because their names had not quite a Hungarian sound. A n d still what was the issue o f this malignant plot ? But o f the twelve millions o f in habitants o f Hungary proper, the M a g yars turned out to be more than eight millions, som e tw o millions more than we know the case really is. T h e peo ple instinctively felt that the tyrant had the design to destroy, with the pretext of language, the very existence o f the nation formed by the com p ound o f all those ingredients which I have mention ed above, and with that com m on good sense which every nation possesses, met the tyrannic plot, as if it answered u W e want to be a nation, and if the ty rant takes language only for the mark of our nationality, then we are all Hunga- ans.” And mark well, gentlemen, this happened not under my governorship, but even under the rule o f Austrian Martial Law . T h e Cabinet o f Vienna became lurious; it thought o f a new cen sus, but prudent men told them that a new census would give the whole twelve millions as Magyars, and thus no new census was taken. So true is my asser tion that it is not language alone which makes a ‘nation, an assertion which of your ow n great Republic proves to the world. But on the European Continent there unhappily grew up a school which bound the idea of language only to the idea o f language, and joined political preten sions to it. There are som e w h o advo cate the theory that existing countries must cease, and the territories o f the world be anew divided by languages and nations, separated by tongues. You areawaro that this idea, ifit were not impracticable, would bo but a curse to humanity— a death-blow to civiliza tion and progress, and throw back man kind by centuruies— it were an eternal source o f strife and war, because there is a holy, almost religious lie, by which man’s heart to his home is % ♦ hound, and no man ever would consent to abandon his native land only because his neighbors speak another language than he himseif; and, by this reason, claims for him that sacre-l spot where the ashes of his fathers lie— where his own cradle stood— where he dreamed the happy dreams o f youth, and where nature itself bears a mark of his man hood’s laborious toil, T h o idea were worse than the old migration of nations was-— despotism only would rise out of the strife o f mankind’s fanaticism. Am i really it is very curious. N o body of ihe’advocates o f this mischievous theory is willing to yield to it for him self— but others ho desires to yield to it. E v e ry Frenchman becomes furious when his Alsace is claim ed to Germ a n y by the rierht o f language— o r lhe borders o f his Pyrenees tv Spain — bqt there are som e am ong the very men w h o feel revolted at this idea who claim for Germany that heart. Upon the throne o f the Itotna- now ’s, is the man soon absorbed by the Autocrat. T h e air o f tho traditional policies o f St. Petersburg, is not that air where the plant o f regeneration can grow , and the sensible idea became soon a weapon of horror, oppression and R u s sian preponderance. Rnssia availed her self o f the idea o f Panslavism to break Turkey dow n, and make an obedient satellite out o f Austria. Turkey with stands yet, but A u s ria lias fallen in the snare. Russia sent out its agents, its moneys, its venomous secret diplom acy through the world ; it spoke to the Sclave nations o f the hatred against foreign do minion— o f independence o f religion connected with nationality under its own supremacy ; but chiefly it spoke to them o f Panslavism under the protectorate of the Czar. T h e millions o f its ow n large empire also, all oppressed— all in servL tude— all a tool to his ambition ; he flat tered them with the idea to becom e the rulers o f the world, in order that they might not think o f libeity ; heknexv that man’s breast cannot harbor tw o passions at once. H e gave them ambition and excluded the spirit o f liberty. This am bition got hold o f all the Sclave nations through E u r o p e ; so became Punsclav- ism the source of a movement, not of nationality, but o f the dominion o f lan guages. That word “ language” repla ced every other sentiment, and so it be came the curse to the developm ent of liberty. Only one part o f the Sclavonic r saw the matter clear, and withstood the current o f this infernal Russian plot. T h e y were the Polish Dem ocrats— the only ones w h o undestood that to fight for liberty is to fight for nationality.— Therefore they fought in thousands ol thousand to aid us in our struggle ; but l could not arm them. W e ourselves, w e had a hundred fold more hands ready to fight than arrrs— and nobody was in the world to help us with arms. There is the same origin and real na ture o f the question o f nationalities in Europe. N o w let me see what was tho condi tion of Hungary under these circum stances. Eight hundred and fifty years ago, when the first’ K ing of Hungary, St. Sfe- phn, becom ing Christian himself, convert ed the Hungarian nation to Christianity, it was the Rom an Catholic clergy o f G e r many w h o m he invited to assist him in his pioys work. T h e y did, hut it was natural that the pious assistance happen ed also to be accompanied hy som e worldly designs. Hungary offered a wide field to the ambition o f foreigners. A n d they persuaded the K ing to adopt a curi ous principle, which he laid down in bis use o f it if ho desired not to do s ’ ; hut with their own mutiicpal and public life, as also with the domestic, social, religi ous life, of whatever other people in Hungary itself, the Hungarian language did never interfere, but replaced only the Latin language, which no people spoke, v hich to no living people belong ed, and which therefore was contrary to liberty, because it excluded the people from any share in the public life. W ill- ing to give freedom to the people we, eliminated that Latin tongue, which was an obstacle to its future. W e did what every other nation in the woi Id did clear ing by it the way to the people’s com m on universal liberty. Y o u r country is a happy one even in that respect; being a young nation, you did not find in your way the Latin tongue when you established this R e p u b lic; so you did not want a law to eliminate it from you public life. Y o u have a living diplomatic language which is spoken in your Congress, in your Slate Legisla tures, and hy which your Government rules. That langu-' ge is not the native language ofyou i whole peo| le— scatcely o f that o f a majority ; and yet no man in the Union takes it fur an oppression llint Legislature and Government h not carried on in every possible language that is spoken in the United Sates; and yet are found in your com m on law, in herited fmm England, some Latin ex pressions, the affidavits, & c ; ai.d hav ing found it in law, you felt the necessi ty to stimulate it by law, as you really did. And one thing I have to mention yet. This replacing o f the Latin language by the Hungarian was not a work o f our revolution it was done before step hy step, by-aiid-by from 1791. W h en we carried in 1848 our democratic reforms, and g a .e political, social, civil sn«l full religious freedom to the whole people, without distinctive o f religion or longue, considering that unhappy excitement of the question o f languages prevailing through Europe in consequence of the Russian plot, v hich I developed, we extended our caies to the equal protec tion o f every tongue and nationality, affbr ling to ail equal rig lit, to all aid out o f the public funds, for the moral, re iigious and scientific development in churches and in schools. Nay, our re volution extended this regard even t<* the political development o f every lon gue, sanct’oning tho free use o f every tongue in the municipalities and co m munal corporations, as well as the ad ministration of justice itself. T h e pro mulgation of the laws in every tongue, the right to petition and to claim justice in whatever tongue, the duty ol the Gov gaiian were not only m o te than those w h o spoke whatever one of the other languages, but, if not more, at least equal to those w h o spoke several other lan guages together. Be so kind to maik well, gentlemen, no cither language was oppie^sed— the Hungarian language was upon nobody enforced— wherever another language — 1 was in use even in public life ; for in stance, o f whatever church— whatever popular school— whatever com m u n ity— it was not replaced by the Hungarian language. It was only the dead Latin which hy-and-hy becam e eliminated from the diplomatic public life, and re placed hy the liv ng Hungarian in Hun gary- In H u n g a ry, gentlemen, he pleased to mark it,never was this measuie extended into the municipal public life o f Croatia and Sclavonia, which, though belonging for 800 years to Hungary, still w e re not Hungary, but a distinct nation, with dis- Ifhe mighty engineers ot the | ub ic opin- tinct municipal public life. I ion o f your glorious land. They themselves, Croatians and S c l a - . Let me entreat you, genilemim,. to vonians, repeatedly urged it in the com - accu,d ibis pioiec.ivntu the cause ot my mon Pariiament to afford them oppurtu- down trodden land; it is the curse o f nity to learn the Hungarian language, oppressed humanity on the the Europe^ that having the right they might also en- Continent. It is the curse of German joy the benefit of being employed to ny* bleeding nn ler the scourge of some com m on governmental offices of H u tiga-. thirty petty tyrants, all leaning upon that ry. This opportunity whs afforded to league of despots, tlie bisis-of which is them , but nobody was forced to make Fetersnurg. It L the curse of fair but unfortunate Italy, which, in so many re spects, is dear to my heart. YVe have a common enemy; so w<; are brothers in arms for freedom ami independence. 1 know how Italy stands, and l dare con fidently decluie there is no hope for Italy hut in I lint gteui Republican party, at the head o. wh c i Muzz ni stands. It has i o.hiii-' lu do with l/ominuidsiical n schemes or tl e Ftench d 'Ctiines o f So cialism. B it it wills l.aly inde, endent, fiee and Republican. Y\ hi her could l.aly h-ok for fie dom and indepe .deuce if not to il ak. p rry which M izzini leads? T o the King uf Naples, pe haps. Let r. e be silent about that execrated m .v. Or to the dynasty of Sardinia and Pied mont ? It professes to lie constitutional, and it captures those | 0 «r 11 -nqaiian soldiers who seek, an asvlum in Pied- .. m o o t ; it captures and delivers them to Austria to be shot— and they are shot, increasing the number of those 3.7 martyrs whom ltaletsky murdered on the scaffold during three shut years.— The house of >avoy became tlie blood hound o f Austria tu spi.l Uungtvi.ui blood. Gentlemen, the gencr ms sympathy of tlie public opinion of the United States — God he blessed for it?— is s’ rongly amused to the wrongs and sufferings Hungaiy My humble task in that re spect is done. N o w 1 look for your generous aid to keep that g' nerous sympathy alive, that it may not subside like tlie passing em o tion of the heart. 1 look for your gen erous ail to urge the formation o f socie ties to collect fii.nls aid to creitu a. loan. I look for your generous aid to. ungy** the public opinion of the sovereign peo ple o f the U. S. to pnumunre in fivon o f the humble propositions which I luni! the honor lo express at tho Corpora/iuj«i Banquet of the City N* wuiJ. resolutions of the peoyh* sneveet# ro- im- pi ess the favorite decttion to the policy o f the U. S. In that irspecl I beg leave r»he single remark to make, hi speaking of the principle of non-admission of any intcr- tercnci* in any country’s domestic con cerns, I to >k the liberty lo express my humble wish to seetlreat Britain invited to unite in this protective policy. T h e . reason is, because 1 take the present French Government for one of lhe op pressors— it has interfered.nnd conti rues to iufetfere in Rome. Rn* the t tench niition, 1 lake lor one of the uppiessetK The French nation, will do the same a* Hungary, Italy and Geimnny, l lie at-- liance o f the Fienrh iiatiuo, is insured by its necessary principled,, if the Republic becomes a reality. The decisive lion is, what the neu.Ua! powers will < — and these are Great Britain, oat th-Qi U. ti. lL , Let mo bopr* gentlerren, that fiow^ over low 1 may have fallen in you ex pectations, by this humble address,which ernu.ent to answer accordingly— all this was granted, and thus far more done in pulit'ical testam ent; that is, that it is j that respect also than whatever other not good, when the people o f a country ! nation ever accorded to the claims of is but o f one,extraction and speaks but tongues ; by far more than the t . S. ever one tongue’ Tnere was yet adopted an- did, though there is ni,-,/e.COIIII^lry !U t*ie other guage o f plom a tic ings” laT h e Hungarian, scarcely yet be- • gariuns snuggled for the dom iniontiff consider i n g nt>l lhe iinmerR o f my hum- lieving Christian, spoke not the Latin of. their ow n race. N o ; w e s t r o l l e d fvr/bk e e lfs but merit o f the cause w h :ch l course. This is the origin of that fatidity |civil, political, social and ^Iigious/(dead, you will accord me thatnrnfec- that Democracy did not develop for cen- freedom, com m on to against Austri- live aid o f the free, independent Press.
