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,r- , L .Now that th® representative system Is well understood, and its. capacity to unite liberty and power by federal combinations has been successfully tried, it will be our own limit if ,its duration prove pot as permanent as its Wessiitgs are inestimable.. I | allgover «• xnents, whether republican ay moharchicai, free or despotic cupidity and ambition-wili address themselves to the so verefou author , ity for gratification,^-fa (Vie states, these applications will of course be made to the people, who confer.either dueetty or inch rectly the honors and emolument ot office aiitlheneeihe excitements n hu.ii arise fiom the operation of these passions a-, w oil as Iroin reardffierences of ©piniou. but with all these evils, republics still exhibit a de* . cided superiority. Their agitations anil attendant mischiefs, are more diffused and; more feeble.' And the people who feel their influence have generally speaking, iwi in ducement to act wronjr. It ^ their intered as well as their duty to select meutouom officers, and to establish a wholesome ad ministration. The vices of taction, wtrjgue, falsehood, dissimulation and cori upturn, a|e rendered more intensely profligate hy tbetr concentration-round the person of the men arch. Tffis interest and that ot his tavei *tes todofteofoecomes distinct from that ot the source at'bit ttel&re.' Its natural coBnCctioh l Prbpe^demands for impohafo avenues of ecawmi .and the useful arts, is well under- stood- ■ Aini the united influence of these great departments of human industry, con* stitiitestlie wealth, the power, and the pros perity o f nations.- Ah act \as passed in 18J9 for the eucorir* agement of agriculture, w liich w ill expire during the present session-. This state pos sesses every physical advantage for a great system;,!*f agrtculhire~-a fertile a^djai'ioiis soil; little wstste land ; easy/cfleap, and rapid iheatis ei' tfatvsportatiop ;' great mar- ketsat home, and contiguity to-the ocean that opens to ns the markets ot the world. These We some of tht features that strike .at the sR|litest glance. And inuct it not lie foaf-agriculture, either as p, science, or an ait, is far front being cultivated Wfth that ardent and successful spirit due to its importance The most profitable-mode of preparing the soil; the mosteconcuniUl and jeililiztiJg applications • The irad expedieht rotation ofcrons; the various kinds of grain, plants, traits: and trees, best adapted to our soil and' Climate; the domestic animals most productive of solid advantage:- tlm best system of plaiitation to st.pply the coustmip- tion ot timber and foe),—all .these and Sim gedm personal gratifications A i epiibliean government is certainly most congenial with the nature, most propitious to the welfare and most conducive to the dignity of our rpecies. Mail becomes degraded in pro jneni Every effofLpughJ: therefore to he made to fortify pur free jnstitntions: and the great bulwark,ofsecurity is to be found io education—the, cidture ot' the heart and the head—the diffusion offcnowledgc, piety ir- and morality. A virtuous aridcnlighteiied man cat) never submit to degradation ; and a •virtuous aud enlightened people will ne ver ~Tfoeathe the atmosphere of slavery. Upon education we must therefore rely for tht purity, the prcservatioa, and the perpetua tion of repnblican government. In fills , sacred, cause, »ve cannot exercise too much liberality. It Is identified with our ., interests in -this world,,, and with oiir best destipies in the world to come. Mnclt |n, deed has been done, anil vvehave onJyto cast oi*r eyes ovfer thestate.'and rejoice in the harvekt which it lias already yielded.- Bfo mo.ch more fernains pud ougbfto' bp ' ..done—Anri tire following statement is « k . • hlbited with a view to animate you to great far exertions. *The ouiqWro camihubit^rand thegeneraTw e ltai e-w naei- -rlar-snbimtts,-o[im-a.iield of onquiry aml research ofiuorTientoiis interest, and demand the animating and invigorating encourage ment o f the state We have art intercourse with tviiy region of the globe* and can easily procure seed, plants, animals, and portion as he loses the right of self govern- labour saving machines—aiu\ ive can hold' Common sohools during the last year ex eecd* 400,000, and is probably n ore than ooe fourtlnof our wlrole popnlation. Tcii thonsand thfee hundred arid eigbty-tfirce ity sc bools.in the city ofNev-York, a unto berbjr no means proportioned to jthe wants Of its population. The students in the in corporated academies .amount tp about 8 , 08S, and in the colleges to-755. Tbe fund forthe Commna Schools may hi- ^tftedmtupwards of 1.738 OOO dollars: and its annual income at 88,008 dollars, to tvblch . may be added the interest on the flitnre falea of lands and on ikef disposal of eschea ted property.the proeeeds_of which latter ■ Item may be added to the capifaT. \ However imposing this fund may appear, it is sufficle®t!y obvious that it ought to ho luigmentetl. This state Is capable of sup porting fotirfeeii tuilfions ^f inhabitnnts.- Thb appropriation will therefore soon be found far behind the progress of population and the reqnbitioos for Instruction. * Deeply ImpriMpmd with the* momentous nature of thtsdepartrticat ofonrsocial iit>licy to the cardinal Interests of^the state. I call not withhold one lnportant~fitdr-dECivci: fcopn past f xperience- Of the many tfcou lands who have tmen Ins(ni.eted inolir Free 'Kihoolain the city of How«Y<wk,' .there i* not a solitary instajiee known of afly one having been convicted' of climes, Iri.fijr- tberaace of this invainabte sjstenu, I reeom mend fo your consideration 'the education of competent teacberx • on -the. monitorial pliar, Its move general infroductlon, ‘andf tlie distribution of useful ixmls. While our primsry ifchools cannot be too numerou*, oar highest seminaries onglit to be very limited id number. The crea tion of a college imppsestheduty of fentfow- log ft. We have mow four colleges for liter ary anil scieutific iiBtmcHon and t^br for such coimiimiion with the -acientitic associa tions o f Europe, eonnocted with the various bra fii-liis of husbandry, as wilt be prOdBetive of tlie most uspIuI results The experiment instituted for the en conragement of agcicijlttir-, although but of ibort dtimtion, labrring unler miich oppo sition, mid courtuctrd in some oases injndi- ciously. has becu generally mtrff, and in some*cuiiuties has been eminently Success- fp]. I submit therefore to yon tfl deterinine. whether it would not be wise to continue this system under sneh rociilfficaticns as you amy decin advisable. And I <)o this nnde afutl pei'sna.sion tiiat yon vv ill never ovcf louk aiiy inc.asnre etmdueive totk*. prosper- ity of so fardiaal an interest, and connected with tlie houonr of th« staP1. As horticiflture is an important d * partment of agricMlfure, I have great pJiaswre ii>- in forming yon. flmt Mieiucorpoiati^ihortu id* fural society .established for &vm*> y x r s in pie extent . . . 'The primary design of our artificial navigation is to open a route by canals between the Atlantic ocean and the GrcatJLaltos. The Erie and Champlain c§? i S wHl m a tfeat measure accomplish this object; but it .will n o t be fully realized until the waters b f r _i.» A..t>cL Adwanmd s'nitht.fKa'Ii'AtAAririalr. United States, is more extensive than the sea coast. The next leading object is.to unite the ttiinbr lBkes; and the secondaiy rivers with the canals; to foim a junction botween hnportant rivers,'and to produce such a connexion between the bays on the sea coast,; as will insure the safety o f our boat navigation in tirae o f peace agajnst the tempests o f the ocean, and in time of war against the depredations'ofan enemy. A canal between the St; Lawrence riv^r and Lajse Champlain, would be attended with imuor- laiit benefits,-by opening a valuable market within our own territory, and by affording an equivalent for the privation of a free use of tha,t river. Duties have been imposed on our productions sent to Can ada ; and it is believed that the British government have declined anegociation respecting the free nav- igatimi of the St. Lawrence. ThPwe have by the law o f nations a right of free transit to the ocean through that river 1 entertain no doubt: and' 1 am inclined to believe that we are entitled to a n entre pot or place o f safe deposit for our commodities des tined to the ocean through that channel. Although those points are not properly within the sphere of our deliberations, yet they ought to be known, because they affect ithe rights and interests W our Mbw-cffizens f and in fiiowing them w e may apply for redress to the constitutional organ, flow far it may be advisable for the United States?, incase a satisfactory arrangement cannot be made,to impos.e, countervailing duties on the products o f Canada on their transit through our territory, down the St. Lawrence, is a subject on which the national government will undoubtedly bestowed wise con- sideratiori.: ' ' - Tire cotitcinplated canal between that river and- Lake OhanipTain, would relieve tiie northern inhab itants of this state, from the embarrassments of a foreign market A survey of this route has recently been made under the authority of the state, and the only formidable impediment is. an intervening edcvatjop of upwards of lime huxulred feet This may perhaps be surmounted by locks or inclined planes'; and there is said to be an abundance of water on the summit-level. Where.this ridge passes into the dnush domin.ons, there is an abrupt de scent. and the level country below presents an easy passage for a canal . erhaps an adequate portion: Of tins territoiy may be obtained by ndgociation, either tfy conceding our' alledged.exclusivd right on a certain part of the St.' Lawrence, or by making some arrangement in relation to the disputed territo ry on the north east angle of the United States.— But a t all events, and under any circumstances? fi communication between the Erie canal and Lake Ontario, by the way of Oswego, ought to receive your decided countenance, and to b e made as soon as practicable It will greatly augment our revenue, „ , and open profitable markets to our-mdustnous and 'W j; ^ 1 0 citizens residing within the teach of * . i t ........ ' hcn-tofore made io this respect, is neither adequate of great; goml, by inrrea-iiig and nnpr.\ ag piipfrtiiland aseuhnit tegflahles Am■;h«r association bas also been tbrmd; ap: H, r . laudable inxtitutiOBv liuv ing r* roeitiy . -t ih Halted -a|i an ion, I ant-cifuite fti!) gr< al. r r-- -benefits- IHmi- tboir mmsoJidated oilnrUs,— medical edncation- Thef me aft uhdertlieftotek- lUsny articles of «ra«Mte workmaiwiiip * - — -fidve been pi esented at our'ftirs riiitf exhibitions. soperintendeccoof liighlyglfteii and enlrglit- , ened xncnjHred are ^tniuentlj « ititle d ( a ^ rea»y creditable to those flffierai^iitrnnage, 'fflU iiritft tbe go*. tke faofiir ofexistiog intsltutiohsTo th e foil ex ten t of a r* ¥ ' b tbeirirantk, I am persuadeil tliattliere onght to be no iucreaseV and not cven tlieif ualdss Yeremptortly required by the «x|*«ncfesi of eiiite^tiod, Perbaps'Ibdt^ain k .of so much ioaportance, the of the Ho gents o f the University onght to be, ©illy' rectMnnaendatory, and the HiCorporatijig power exolasively vested in tlieTegislafetire. b® a inore safe depository than a xingfe body, f,asa source &om wlieaace mHiiificent endoiv- iaents must emanate, aPdas inost conform- able to the spirit, if notthe letteF, of the coustitution. 1 Our iastitutlpns for the pr^motlna of knowledge are numerous, asefnl, arid deser ving of liberal encouragement. In various eities and villages, sricleties for the eultiva* UiOB of natural science and philosophy, of a&tiquarlaa and historical research, aftd of , ^uetal|nowJ,edge, have been founded; and are calculated to derelope our resources, to accumulate useful facts, and to advance the ^gjfcat interests of sqciety. In the promotion of medical knowiedgo, so essential t« thp preservation of health and life, the college of physicians and surgeons have continued their career, of distinguished usefulness,— Some>of the oonnty oiediral goejctiC^-are entftled to great praisd tor sinaiiltaneous efforts. Fof all these iaslifiitiows, ';yonr . fostedng care is earnestly, solicited. ’, Added to these, the state medical society, which has been in bencfieial operation ihi the last eighteen years, aiid tvhicli assehihks eytWJ&r at the seat ofgovermnent. would be enabled by a small annual appropriation, .to realize to the most valuable extent, the high expectations which are so iuStly enf|r- tained of ifo disposition ami ability to ex '.end the benefits of the healing art. The great object of a <y>od govcrnhneuf is to secure the greatest happiness of jlife greatest number under its care. For ttys purpose, those arts and pursuits wliieh min ister to the sustenance and comfort of man, elevate his Character, and ekcite his virtue# and talent's intp activity, must be cherished with a solicitinte proportioned to thf iimpor- tance of the end^to^bc attained, and t-o Hie means of accoin^lsit^iit. Four fiftlis of . ©nr population are eultiWois ©f tlie scsiU— - „Ott agricujture lye must depend as the iniltt FoOuded upon »hf plan of the great H*»r}f- eitlllira;! Society of Lnudou, and blfimir.- the coulribntlmis of experieuctt ifitii- tfi rcseafclics of philosophv they d< serve the mist fitu'ra! eiicourageuient. As It is hue of the chief objects of a good gov- eriiiiieu'E Io cultivate the resources o f n state, ft becoiues of primary importauco toka'cnv with ac curacy vvhat .constitutes those rcs.oarr.ns.—'The wisest aiflics .have pursued a defe'tixe policy in this rcspcctytA n-glf'i-itif- to rcrrun •fiei<-.oirn powers and (aeohVs. -StetUn'ra, sur, cys v it!-cn- slly accotiiiilisli this'dfSt-tbleshjei-! ;<• inaflond of light on the science of poliiical jhiloSophy, nnd wide field Cor the most uspfu 1 iud p-aVtinl By the c- .istiti'tion a roususis to take open a_ operatlpms place during the present year. Important statls- asto fuirls nor.as to prompt execution. To • mite ,n the =r.ost'accommodating manner the waters of the Seneca, Cayuga and c anandaigya laxcs and such o f the secondary Takes a s maybo dcu\ oxped’Unt with the line canal, is also an object ot great importance. A ctnnexioh too -is du- sn-iblf between the Dcl.twaro and the Hudson; be tween the ursncr waters of the Allegany? Susque-. r-ann-ih ana iicnesee rivers; between the Erie ca nal and the SUsquenannah along the valley of thq Chenango river, between the Susquehannah. and tie Seheca lako; botween the lErie canal a t Bufia- lo, and tl.c Allegany river at its confluence with Conewanso ctcok; between Black river and tho Erie canal, and between Gravesend-Bay, Jamaica Buv. Great South Bay aud Southampton Bay, and across Canoe place to South-bold Bay, on Long- Eslti..d Other eligible communications might be indicated; butthesefere sufficient to evnce the erx- pc.hencyof constituting aboard v/itli general pow ers, in relation fo internal improvements. /Ml these works roust emanate from the authority of the state , but many o f them will doubtless bo undertaken witliout any demand on tlie treasury, in ficaiTnqiihnes Wav iso blended with, this object, I c t ^ u ^ o f ^ t o f f l ^ K E r a w s . Of this'natum which will evolve many momeotojis facts, and - ___ — i.u — diminicb fie Inllar and expense o f the ceneirit sur- . vey. Periodical retarns of marriajes, birtjis. ai,d doatiis, vvquld greatly enhance tho value o f this informatiSn The usoful arts, connected asthov are witl, die .comforbsnrid conveniencesjif life, deserve a t nil times, thi) fostering Cafe o f government. In a coinmnaity where labor ia Tiiglt, end in constant dpniantt, where the genms of the people is prolific in ihyeiitions of vast value, and wliene cyery now discovery that diminishes manual labor, becomes of inroiediata consequence, it seems wise to held forth sueil rowardsas may stimulate iageuuity and iudeituiify expense, The national jgovcrnment, qndfer posting i|i\vs, can do but litile: and even when letters patent are granlc j ihear validity is toft freqicntly drawn into question, with a ll the expense find vexation of incident litigation.— Would it not be sound policy to reward with lib- erality thc authors o f such inventions, us produce a saving of labor in agriculture and meehahical pursuits, end improve the quality and augment the quantity of our products and fabrics ? It is per ceived with much satisfaction, that the encour agement aiready dispensed has had ribe most pro- pittpus influence ii» every direction, on the ad»: vancement o f household antl doniihtic manufuc- fusing the benefit o f science throughout the vari ous mechanical professions, by means of lectures, -ahparatas, models, books and puhlic exhibitions bf works of ingenuity;, skill find industry. The usefulness o f this Institution would b e greatly cn- bfinoed: by the erection of an edifice adequate for its purpotes; and it is believed that an appi-opri- ato she may be concurrently graded by die state alidjhc city o f New-Yofk witliontiitcdnveuienCe to either,from contiguous property in tiiat city be- rmigiiig to both and now unoccupied. As this Is the first Crgapized school o f ike kind In the world, ondis destined to increase tlie skill- and elevate tlie charncter of bur mechanic interest by appiyb liie philosophy to themvts, and imparting the bin- e/lfs o f science to that most useful body o f ear. fcltow-cilizens, its claims upon thepEublic hobnty will n o t escape your favorable attention, The Erie canal (which, is the longest in l|ie •world, and which in conjunction tvith ,i|e Uham- phuqc.atnal apd thecontcnipTdted conamimications with l a ta Ontario and the minor Infetjs, will pro duce the most extensive a.o.d Jnmortfint inland nn\ igation ever wituesfied) would have been fin ished last season, had it pot beten for the inter vention of unexpected’ impediments. It is, how- ever, so, neay t<J its completion as to render it necessary to. fortj a permanent, system for the pre servation of thecanols, for the collection o f the revchue.fpr the extinguishment of the debt, find for a vigilUnf.Superintendence both ©f their par- ticular eoncOrns and of their general interests _ A pian oiight to be adopted, corahiuing economy vvjfli efhoiency, find lutving regard to future as well as proseut ofierfiqions. I c0hside,r these vvotks as hut the first, in a series of great aiidertAkiiigs. IVe thusf, however, pu/siie bar objects with pru- <lcffc#^ff well rts vvitk-miergy, iii evbry' stage of our p rocess, lboking' for support io the wisdom and patriotism of the people. Awi j t Is a source :of high felicitation tp know that the “debt may be spRedi.Iy.Ratisfied without mortiitg; to taxation, ivithnut iliscorttipuiug our efforts for similar1m» i pro veins cuts,' and wij|iout. stnyirig tlie dispensing fiand o f govtrnment iii favor of the-.great depart* uiertts ©fodi*cation, U{ieimHire'q.ntlsciB,nce, or the cardinal infeposisref proftncthre^ldosrijf; ' . Aboard fordieproinotioft of internal itttprove,j ments, composed Q'f Avell iirfbrhaed iSItizens, risuglik tofee qamfituted, wifli felthori» -to coifsider’and re- oort on all subjects relative to the csthhlishrfteifit Of Cbmtniaiifiations tjy lB ^ ltiil bpvater, byroads, ^ nAn am/1 itvnlkii* notitterkci hlnii Is the connexion proposed tdbo matlo by-a compa- »v between dm Delaware and Hudson—a project hlghly dcservingof public countenance—the canal on the soulh side o f Long-Island would perhaps bo constructed- under a ’similar grant. Considering that these sections of tire state are necessarily excluded Conran hnmOdiate participation in thebonefits of tho canal s-already made, 1 derive a tion fiomtlie libcrabtv manifesto , w iii the one case, and shall be happy to see it extend ed tothe other. The proposed connexion between the Seneca lake arid tho Chemung or Tioga branch of the Susque- hartnah, will riot exceed twenty miles; and that lake is open, for navigation during the whole year. This canal will open our salt and gypsum to the extensive region connected with the Susquehannah. and a numerous body of our citizens will find n market for their productions in Philadelphia and lifiltimdio, a s well as in New-York This inultiplir. cation of markets will be beneficial to tlie agricultu ral interest, is in consonance with the dictates of Sound policy, and can only be opposed by sectional anil monopolizing views. in addition to this itmay inexhaustible quantity of bitumineus coal on the head waters of the Tioga river, which js ndte sold a t tlie mmes for two cents per bushel, and which can fje transported on fiats to Newtown, in Tioga coan- sy. it is roprasented to be of a superior quality and similar to tire Liverpool coafof commerce; and it is stipgteed to occupy that^ extensive region from rmsi \ ' ‘ ~ “ :e-projse,rty js ___ uses;' the copiperisation to the owner ought to bo prompt and Ample. There is reason to apprehend that this,has not been done m many cases connect ed witll the cahals, and that great complaints have been made and considerable losses sustained incon sequence of sdeb omission. As ,1,9 lUw llyvv ptuiiuc, appraisements for such appropriations must be made by two of the acting canal cominissioseKj. }f the Supreme Court should set any aside, as they.ave authorised to-do, on just and equitable principles, •liti seems reasonable nud proper that the hew assess ments under these circurnstances should be submit ted to a tribunal which had not., passed upon the question'. 1- recommend the whole of this subject to your” early attention. . • The debt due-on account of the canals and the subsidiary works, is §7,467,770'98, of which $4,- 524,270 9D bear dn interest of five per cent, and the residue an interest of-sixner cent, making an aggre gate annual interest ,Qf. §375;823 55. The revenue from the tolls the present year, will exceed ISIO, 000, and the duties on salt $100,000, which, witl the other sources of income belonging to the canal fundi Will, in all probability, produce an excess of revetitie above the interest of the canal debt, o f near §300,000.- Should any discrepancy appear, between this statement and the annum report of the comp-, trailer, it will be only apparent, his having refer ence to the fiscal, apd this to the natural year. It is believed that next year the revenue will be nearly doubled, if the Erie Canal arrives tq the Lake in due season, and its progressive expansion will be commensurate with the prosperity of the state and the growth of our country. From these •data, a just estimate may be made of the rapid ope ration of a judicious sinking fund in extinguishing the-whole debt, and ofthe prospective fiscal re sources of the state. • . ^ It is estimated that 10,000 boats have passed at the junction of the Erie and Champlain Canals, vvitmri the last season. Boats with commodities, proceed a t the rate of 55 mites in 24 hours; and boats with passengers near lOp miles in the same time. As late as the 15th of December, a boat laden with merchandise, arrived a t Utiea from Al bany. . <- . •internal trade is mostly flourishing, when its- profits are small, and its returns quipk; and this desirable effect is produced, by the brisk circulation of commodities, through canals. An important re commendation of this communication is the faculty which it affords'to emigration and change of habit ation ; its conveyance of bulky articles which are forbidden to land-transportation i the cheapness, safety and. certainty of travelling, and its conse quent increase. Hence the pi emotion of rapid set tlement and concentrated population. All these' 'propitious circumstances go to establish the per manency andmagnitude of the income to be deriv. ed fiom our canals, arid to demonstrate }lje supe rior profit of judicious investments in theiift. The advantages ofa condensed over a scattered popula tion proceed from furnishing great markets forsale and purchase) fiom extending tlie operations of in genuity and skill: from expanding the sphere of employment by subdividing the exertions, and aug menting the productive power of labour, and by concentrating great capitals subservient to all tlie purposes o f life. In producing extensive markets, in coinmiinicating the benefits ofa dense to a sparse _ taktteiMS-underpimifo* clrciiiftstaiieTes\? When we shall have arrived At thi 5 point, sue shall begin tq have 6ome adeqrihte notioii of thc'extcnt t o jvluch this claim may be carried,; 1 shall say ja o mare on this subjqpt a t tlus time I will notcntertaifta doubt but that tlie national gov ernment tvill command the abandonment o f a claum so unfounded and perriicious; and 1 am persuaded . that it lias beexi prcferred without due reflection, and 1 without instructions from superior authority. But if this coarse shall not be pursued, it will then be your duty to take that stand which the rights and The considerations which grow o u t of this pcca- sion, and the complaints which have been made In differenrstates about alleged encroachment? of the nationed government on their constitutional powere, point to theruost formidable dangers that can me nace the.stability o f the Union and the welfare pjf our country:° Without q general .government, wfe shah -rioither have union, at home, nor respect „ . abroad. We'sjtfiff he arrnyed into separate cofi- charged with ttensom rnntder or ffclonyjn; federacies, or exist a s insulated states, maintaining, country, a defence o f insanity is set up, and large standing arifiies, wasting our resources in in- jury acquit the prisoner on that ground tcstine Wfirs, the dupes of foreign intrigue,, and f o e --------- 'n * applicants. Aso 6 u 5 tyjbiLthejsame.pu mated the Central was incorporated in'1823.^ tkbhshedat Canajoharie Of It condition]! nospeofo information When the census n j i it will be useful to have an enumeration of fiH and dumb, ae ignatmg Oxes ages arid cmny VPO* infoimation o f their ages is desirable the only docile objectfi are those betwcen lOfi years of age and a knowledge o f their nt« support is necessary, m order to ascertain theL M extent o f public charity 1 his has, J qJS been, dor e m some states In Oluo thejnmtibetl found to be 428.. , « . An ejn meration of msanepcrsons should ah taken, arranging them under tire heads cfcrii pauper, and m good circumstances Tho c r |l lunatics ;ft Gieat Bntam are composed ofdujS^J are committed under the statute, against difisi pijrsbns, and of another class for which JbeM provision has. been; rnqde in our code, and^ pjight to be attended to. I f on the trial of ah yictims.ofciva.vdiseord. Without state autirorities, there can be n o civil liberty, & no good government? for it is utterly impossible that so extensive a country <:an be hound together unless as a confederation, or a military desjiopsin. Every true fiiend o f Ameri ca will strive t o maintain these respectivcauthpritiqs in full purity and vigour, without detractjiigfrorh the powers o f tbs one to add to those of the other, nor extending the faculties of either beyond their legitimate dimensions. . Each possessesa portion of the delegated authority of the people, and each is supremewithrn tho sphere o f its constitutional pow ers. The apprehensions entertained by some of our distinguished statesmen at theTormationo? the n a tional constitiitionhave entirely failed j and instead of the predominance of a controlling power in the states', the centripetal force of the general govern ment has hact perhaps too great a preponderance. TheofiBcesof the latter exceed those o f the formerin ran];, power, number and emolument: itspatronoge is commensurate with its superior resources ; audit . who furnished and those wio encouraged them. - - , ThefVlcchaiiic.and-ScientificJn6trtutionof N . ~ ^ .. ....................., , York Jiasheen eitablished for the purpose o f dif- W % T,nS- Parlof state uear the,head of ^ - ■ ■ ■■ - tho Seneca lake. And should the proposed com- rriuriTcation be made, itmay be transported to Alba ny by water. Some canals will undoubtedly be accomplished \>y individual Cfifetprise r some will require, partial assistants ; and others most depend entirely on. pub lic munificence. But all can, with proper exertion? be execdtcd in due time, and in accordance-with the growth of*the state, the exigencies of society, and the inevitable evolution of our resources.’ ThelSrie “canal, besides completion at its western termination, -will require in Time some- important additions.— These will consist in-double locks and towing-paths to accelerate the passage of tire boats. W hen new bridges shall be required*a much greater eleyatjon ©tight to be givpn to the road bridges, and the farm, bridgoS ou^it febe formed orta retractile plan. ^ The Chatnplain canal .enters the Hudson, at Fort Edwtiird, and thqinavigation is caktinued for several mrleS down that i|ver. The comparative advanta ges bf natural and artificial navigation, are thus fairly- tested find fully contrasted; and the delay,-, expense, and vexation, qfthe former chanfiel of con veyance, ore found Sfi hmrassing, 'that it has become essential to subsritute a bAnte,. and initiatory pro- cceairfgs lig^e been iifid for that pufpbse, under the •sanction’of^ie legislitdre, wnich will, I trust,; be consuthmaterajternediately. The Champlain daual opens a vas^ijiansc for ihlantf* trade and public ateommodation^Steiterenue, when''compareo With- that of the Erie^ganal^yvill be at least in the- ratio’; of its extent. Thq region which’ borders on Lake Chtrinplaitt aboundS-ilitfi rich irSri ore, CdUveitSble •into the best ifen, W,bicB,*'wath excellent-isteelA is- nfiw manufactured ^ successfdlly by enterprising Individuals. Calcareous substkr^foof all and the tey; kinds, from marble to buildina®ne, lumber,; the products of the’dairy, of tlie pmPfeSd of man ufactures, are also in great plefity, in return for, which, that region lias oecasion 16r salt, gypsum, fititi various fiofencromlc&temodatiohs; \ It is alsiiTieccssaiy that prompt and effectual pro vision shriiald be' made, to remedy the embarrass- itientsattendiiig sldop navigation on the upper parts of the fludsbn—^Different plans h'aVe been projjosed for, the attainment of this important object and among other's the improvement o f the patuial navi* nation-by, removing the present obstructions, by jqinuig different fslririd^ and iftcteastegfob v^bdifi ofthe fiiirrqtit.Itjs.now in a great meqsltre asder- jained tojbe most profitable fo make transhipments from nqng^MKts To rfver vessels. ,The importance of this iifeasutb js therefore- identified witb the Well b'eing,.of ;crtu artificial, as vyejl as of our natural navjgktiQiUf;And. J amjpersuajded thjBtf you Wifi npf ,slmhk(M#-tedse operations on account of the pre- sufoedS^pijse, In aU 'juflitriqus undertakings of this fema fii^iiftdly conducted,.there tvill beWex- ■ ... , I ® . objects wo®id of course. *2c%e tnbqKlicbiisidcra- tiou'orf‘tlia board before they fvere acccpted by the' iogislaliJi'C; tpid wbjilff bScarriedliito tvtoUtjon iff accordance with tVie-exigenqyof Ac «a e t can pOrtaiiccof tliqj-,object, -and ^e. ability of the state. 1 The fiE^dpfyoprntiori iflmrociise, arid'the harvest of hon^iir afia prdfit.is tmboundedi Jknl if o rre sources (ire ^iscl^appIifi^kmShteib^fllrecteci all .*■** . - - *. •;*£. . J« . distance. Canals may be emphatically designated as the great labour-saving machines of internal commerce. For almost all purposes, the city o f Detroit will, on tho completion of the Erie CanaJ, he brought within a hundred miles of the city o f Albany. Al ready have we witnessed the creative powor of these communications in the flourishing villages which have sprung up or been extended, in the in crease of our towns, and above all in the prosperity ofthe city o f New-York: If, as is said, upwards of 3,000 houses have been built-in that city during the last year, it is highly probable that ip fifteen years its population will be double, and that in less than thirty years, it will be the third city in point of numbers in the civilized world, and the second, if not tlie first in point of commerce. Nor is there any danger of a reaction. After cities reach U cer tain elevation o f opulence and-prosperity, they ap pear to posscss.a sclhonultiplying, self-augmenting power. But independently of this consideration, the external as well as tho internal causes of the opulence and extent of New-York will continufe in full operation and with additional power: rind‘in proportion as its supplies increase, it will furnish augmented means of consumption a t homot.and of: attraction to customers fiom abroad. Howemphatic- olly theu docs it behove us. in thecontemplation and enjoyment of these abundant bjessings, to remember that we derive them all from the greiat Fountain of Beneyoience, I cannot refrain uporfthis ocdasion, from con-* gratulating you and our countrv, op the propitious spirit which is generally dlffiiseu through the other Hates ip favour of Internal Improvements. The state of Ohio has now under*consideration a stupen dous project for uniting the Ohio River wi th Lake improvements, is-to be regarded as an jjlstrument of circulation, not aprivation of wealth, iior an extih- gius'htfifetefcaHM. y,; v.-.* Erie, which may jusfly be considered a prolongation or continuance of our Erie Canal, and which will connect the Hudson with the Mississippi, and con vert a most hnportant portion of the United States into one vast sland. I shall we}cpmo the com mencement and hail the consummation of that work as among the most auspicious events in our history. It will open to oor trade the luxuriant valley of the Mississippi and its auxiliary river. It will immeasurably enhance the value arid useful ness of our works, concentrate the commerce tffj the East and the West in our great emporium, and hind the Union together by indissoluble tlfes. The state of Ohio is distinguished, for fertility of soil, be nignity of clar ate, moral power and prospective resources The revenue fiom the canms wiU pay •n a reasonable tirpe the interest of the sum expend ed for ;ts coi- pleLon and form a large sttrplus ap plicable to the speedy extinguishment of the debt. and there can he no doubt but that the necessary funds may lie procured in this state on easy and satisfactory terms. i .cannot pass over in silence, the attempt wiiiob has been recently, made to bring the boats navigat ing qur canals within the operation of the statutes for regulating the coasting trade of the United States, by requiring from such boats enrolment arid iicense„and the payment of tonnage duties. The canals are the property of the state, are within the jurisdiction of the .state, have been constructed by the state, and can he destroyed by the state. They have been made at its expense after the general gov ernment had refused' all participation and assist ance. It cannot well be perceived how the regula tion of commerce “ with foreign nations, arid among the.several states or \yith the Indian tribeS|”..cau authorise an interference with vessels prosecuting an Inland trade through artificial channels. The Coasting trade is entirely distinct from a trade throiighour canals, which ho state in the Union nor1 Hie general, government itself, has a right to enjoy without our consent. The conserjuehces o f such assumptions would be, if carried into effect, to annihilate our revenue rirls- irig from tolls?tp pvoduce. the most oppressive meas ures, to destroy the whole system of internal im- provementy, and to prostrate the authority of fee state governments. - . •> Ajust exposition of the lawsof the llnited States canhot authorise their application-to^such cases,— But (f a different interpretation should prevail, then it becomes a very -serious question indeed, whether tire state, can enforce its laws imposing tolls. The Supreme-Court of the United States has solemnly adjudged that a coasting .license fiom a collector is <a grant o f the right of navigation,. If so, and that right beingtderived from a law of Congress,it Will be Contended that it cannot be prohibited, nor control led by anyjstate law. T-he right, to be complete,: must be enjoyed without restraint The state cam-; pot demand a toll as the .price of the enjoyment o f such a right, i f it has not the power to prohibit such enjoyment altogether. . * . . . II may he further .‘remarked that the power to regulate commerce among the states, under which the act regulating fee coasting trade was passed, is held by thatfiigh tribunal .to be exclusively in Con- gress. If so, and if that act, or any other act which Cohgtess may pass under that power, can be applied To tlie eanais. it Would follow as a consequence that Out laws ilripositig tolls,,are void from the begin ning. T h e state has nopower to adopt them, and in thjsview of the subject, it VVould seem to be imma terial whether toy license be tsike'n out under the act bf CongretSorUOt'- . ■ The Supreme Court has also declared that the powef to regulate commerce includes a power to regulate navigation as one means of carrying 6n Commerce. .The same remark, may bo made with equal, force, concerning any klndof trarisportatiOn _ resents, the most spacious’fiieatre for . . * .. great talents, and for thegratificatibn of lofty aspirations. It also possesses a decided ad- vanlage over the state governments inlhe at-range- mentofit8 judicial authority,- In a ll controversies relative to th e due exercise.of their powers, this de- cieniiex resort, without any amenability |o foe peo ple, or die states, with a pojnpcnsation that cannot be dinainished, under a tenure that -vVill endure for life, and with ano other responsibility than liability to impeachment fbr.high cffmps and misdemeanors, un% which janytfecisipri? hovyeyer erroneous, cap: never be classed, because a n error o f judgment can never b e adjudged a crime^ Naturaljusticeprescribesthatnoroarishquldbea judge In his owvn cause, arid th at between contending sovereignties neither should pronounce the law of. thecase. A ©ew tribunal, ought to beconstituted,.tQ decide upon tbepowerof the national and state gov ernments, to<3 to keep them within legitimate bonnd- ories. I know of none that cqn bq formed With a character s o imposing, with a responsibility so %u- peratrve, and with a position so Signified as the senates of th e United, States. *Composed o f the mostriistrnguashed an'd taleritednfeii'of th e’soveral; slates ; its decisions would be formed with integri ty and ability, aiid received with, respectful acqui escence. As a co-ordinate branch of Congress, tod a s a CorapwMutpfitaf the executive .power, it would bo a safe guardian o f the ju s t authority of the national gqvtmment; and as a representation of the statcs -with a periodical change of tnemberx, it would bo their natural and efficient protector against unconstitutional invasions. In these sug gestions, I have not the most distant intention o f violating the habitual respect which I entertain for; fob supreme Judiciary of the union, i A judicious policy will dispense arc far a s possible rapi------------ ; ' cos Monej applietfto hotreefotreefph^vhethBr-hy.3a4d.nrjvatej, foe jpq^er to regulate » ; :« ~ i. — noinrenvrt« nnMlniMM irt .x* J>i* ri.'Cll\ xj . it. .commerce applying to the one &s wblTas t<rthe Other. 'I f Congress can declare that a boat passing between' different parts o f tlie same district within the same state, shall take a license, why can it not nfest distant from our navigable establishments ought to enjoy equivalent-facilities by rogdsand bridges. The southern tier ofcouaties,commencing Will) Chautataque, and extending eastward, come 'generally under this description, fit aE cases of tfos kind) roatds oucht to b e made fiom the interior country to line maricet towns on th e Hudson, a n d other -navigable waters; to the canals, to the parzil- lei and great; lakes, and to all other places where foe comvcnierKes'of transportation areafiected. It is of great consequence to construct a state road from some point on foe Hudson river, to the head of tlie Cayurast lake, nearly ccntral beiween the line qf the Erie (Sanal o n the mote side, and thePenntyl- vania, lino o tt the other. Such an avenue of requi site solidity, of adequate width, and smooth and even surface would tiffbrd great and valuable facili ties. - - . TW distance would be about I5Q miles, and each Cnd o f the road would IQtnlsh goorTmarkets to an Important region o f foe sthte now remote, and in a great degree sequestered: -Whenever this is the case, trade i s in same degree managed by barter or exchange, a s a substitute for circulating medium.— The impositions and fcrrors that necessarily result from xicgocia-tions transacted without a certain stan- dardof vaiuearc injurious to morals and social bar- mony. It onght not to bo forgotten tiiat during four months of t h e year when our navigation is obstruct ed b y ice, i t is peculiarly requisite tlmt our ltigh- ways should-be maintained iii’good condition. A report o n tiie Cayuga marshes will b e made to you byone o f our most able civil engineers- And if it shpuldpiove favourable to the practicability of foe contemplated enterprise, foe obvious utility will be reefognisecLin promoting the public health, attd in reclaiming a considerable portion of our most fertile lands, now unlit for cultivation. i beg leave to call your attention toour saltworks in Onondaga, - county. By proper regulation and management foe whplf country may be supplied with, this indispensable article, at tire cheapest rate, and a. revenae of h a lf a million b f dollars, may in a few years, accrue, to foe state. A board ofcommis- sionexs institouted t o make foe necessary fovestiga- tipits and tp jrecojtnnend the moft eligible system, is a measure w-ell worthy of your attentions The erecSon of wharves .and other accommoda tions for trade on our hiyigable. lakes, Will be pro moted by in-veBting the fcommissioners o f foe land office With tiie like pewcrs in this case, as in that of grants under the Waters o f navigable rivers, to the proprietors c*f the adjacent lands. 1 intended to submit.to you Some observations on oujvpeniteiiriaiy srystem; but I understand that a boarct composed p f intelligent men have been charg ed by the legislature to consider tiris subject? and that their ifepdtt will in dee time be presented toyou. I shall therefore only say that a classification o f of fenders, sepairate dormitories, solitary confinement? and isteady labour are essential to tiie success of this system, tod -thatie may be so administered as to af ford tho means 6f its own support without any ex pense to foe statd. Whenever the pardoning power hafbeen exfended too far, Whether in corfienuence , ... [pDsfbenev- may, noUvithstandingcontiiiue hmr i cop Too much praise cannot be ascribed to tiitjj ders and patrons p f these, and other useful, ties. If there be vices, \tyhrcli inflict lheif| punishment, there are also virtueg which die their own rewards, and receive tlie vencraiM foe present age, the benediction of postetiihi fob smiles o f approving heaven/ - 1 , Judging from the reports of foeadjutarit j and commissary general, made a t the last s I. have reason to believe that the state of ©Iff tia a n d arsenals is flourishing. The iroyoptiip these objects entitles them to cordial andT caitivation. ^A respectable portion pf our j citizens recommended to our iavourahlei ihn><M — __ -t!_ ___ 1 ____ * ' their vjrtuous lives, exemplary habits of mdj aed'^hpirzealousco-operationlnailbenevolej dertakjrlgs, qve egnspfentipusly opposed fo afiL arms,amd to the payment of fines imposed fctj attendance in foe mHifoh A cotoplete re% niffy he efifecfod by. foe ihterppsition of conga by art alteration o f foe constitution; cught to'he granted, I efftertaift n o doubt, ficrent equivalent is already rendered to : . . by the exclusive support of tlieir own, p M ^ side® their foil participation 'in the-mainteniq the poor in generaL In this enligfatened ago,x the rights o f man are fidly understood, and j ticaHy asserted, it is surely not compatfole v ' tolerant and liberal spirit ofthe times, to the conscience of our unoffending felldw-m all events, i t lies'in youi power to guard u buses info'e penal inflictions' Which it 1st have in rome instances, been carried to p ^,-,0 your.ieMiqn)y(rawi|i B e p iiB ti'| elect a senator of the United States. ) .twe enforce (he conijdenrtion which will antanlL w r t o you «n fo» interesting occmipa, tforl the expediency o f selectingn perrop of j ucrience in public affaire, of appspayea a ' rmquestlooablefidelity, and of tiistinsu|! lie service*. Such a represenutiye ii alene*, ofUre state.anilia required by themterpsfiil T h e reception o f .General La Fayette h it jj equally honorable to him Snd 'to the nafor h l^illu s j^^fo e jp o d ^o tf o e je^ h cued free^rem m ehhirom aatandrngrep corded in the f»ithful p»gei of iuiioty- .AltL One of the privilegred fli^foVbFl^nceahe ked hit fortune, n il character; a»d his life i t | caoae cf o u r renublio, and in the v«tyci3it«j fate- During the reyolutwui which htnst quently agitnteu Europe, he Iras bepn uodl the intrepid, foe farthful friend o f freedqlL'g. turning to the right no? to the left, hot mtn onward in the great c»u»b of priueiplp, defiii dcuunchtkxii of jctobms, and ebcotufffoin - , • ; During hut short reiidextee itf this gtaic^5fo j in arms, the war-worn soWfcfi-offoe nn^Jhe veirereble pafobtttfffhetimetlftti! menya souls, ptlieredaroand ih^fifen'dt ate geaeraflooa that had iprimgup ed him a file cbstnpioo «'iBfci-ty^ «fodi,£h#h2 factor ofthe human rsce. hrernaihsjfoirfoeJ nlature to unite in the geners) .voice, and toi meainrp* auiteble tothe pccsiioo, and i»« ‘ foe state. The recenf demonatrafiow^». gratitude reflect honofio thy source* and r justice jo the objecty andare olieering totliei ofthe \naerioan people. ' O' Themoatfiiendly feelings, I haverciKnt lieve, exist between this at ate andfoe other t_ her* of the confederacy, whieb I hope wittt 1 . *S i _ i t .. . . i t . .•** .. * • m - a jJ- about juriadktkm nnrf territory have leepi lively settled with all except foe state, of Ntra sey—and aeemg n o reaaon why a n Sn>|ciihlea tnent on tiie moat honorable terms should i. effected, ff eariu'stly recotntncnd that pcirrisio_ made forthat purpfoe, in acefifiaUCe w[lErtfo] pssaed by tiiat patriotic state, which f shall til 16 h e laid hefore you. ' Tho, protection ofour great eomfneratals itnn from pcstileniial diseases is enjfofialj ry system h ^ s been impaired. It is your duty to pro vide the means for executing the laws, and it is my duty to see them executed; And I shall certainly exercise foe prerogative o f mercy with a view only to the legitimate objects ofpunishment, the reforma tion o f offenriers, and theprevfotion of crimes. A house ©frefuge for foe ^reformation o f juvenile delinquents has been estabbslied b y a (jenevolent as- socia.tion in tin city ofNeW-Jbrki Ttsobjects are to rescue them from destruction by disciplining them in virtuous and industrious habits rand a.frdl statemeni ofthe views and concerns of this fexcbllent institu tion will in, d ec season be tnade known to you. O f a. kin t o tliis' establishment aiid with a preventive eis Well sisremtedial tehdeiidy, is the Orphan. Asylum in drcn who Lave been left in an orphan state, and trains them «p in the paths ofvirtue and usefulness. The Lunatic Asylum has participated largely in foe bounty of the state, is Well managed, and maty be justly classed among'Our most important charities, Another OrafoftunaTe' 'description o f human beings, foe deafanri dumb? are committed to the instruction pf a lduda&Je institution incorporkted in the city df New-York, which Will apply to you for a renewal and modification of the statute passed in 1822, to promotothe education ofthe indigent deaf anddumb vyithin this sfate. * That a c t provides for four pupils fiona-cach senatorial district, and authorises their supportfktan t)ie state treasury. Twenty-seven arc now in the school as state pupils; but there are be- tween thirty and forty apphoants, who cannot h e re- ceivedfronra districts that have the prescribed com- -plenoentraxii'] vacantdistticts cannot be filled from other .districts.- f t is delirabjqto augment foe nUM-: her to.sixfrom esash district, and to Slow vacancies •to b e supplied from othrir disuicts, when there areno teneralwelfsre. dicea wliieh have stoaefime* arrayed Iff with ejofi otheSvcountry foil erty interetti,! be forever ditinlafod, »* unworthy of foe jl tense find good feelings of the coinxntmiffii that tlie prosperity ofeaehvwilt be confodtn * phosperity ef both. • Our Quarantine lain to. be executed With vipance and energy, *^\*)! isprBvemems atiepted, aB will effeetusDy j aguiust flfojpr fi-om abroad : for on any to ihathMbeensuMefited^dprecauticOaty tiecessary, whetbertnalignriit Or yellovrfoi proplagsted by sp«cifiecohtak{<»idrmtftodfo! foe deikeridussfcite ofvewela sudxSTCoei. Thepcdioe of the city of Ne w-York js_tx 6 in rriafiott to critnes, hut in reference to hei' has no dtotinguished merit—Without.good 'i foere cannot be good heaifo: and no effecte vision has been made for tiifit object. 'D f h i d down aaMi incontrovertihle truth, tL, dense populatiOn cfitCfurnish from witlii'ri it* j li®ita,att adequate supply of foia indrapeortM coBnmodation, with reference to quality aud I tity. As there to nothing to prevent your a ble inferpontion, 1 ,trust that y©n Will<*j»p*i whfia libefet hundjto all Jfod»bfo:fofofr foer by the local goveroroent, % privL. tiorisj Or by entetyrifiipf ifoiriditals, td W tuffioiency not onlyforsllffotneitifcpurpofot,, for public baths, for cleansing he streeatl aodi foe gefteraV.pqrifibation foe-oity^ •• Art annual law 13 generally prosed autbori^ certain aliens by name, to take, hold and di# of real estate, to like manner, aa natut’al honre izens. Such a provision is jroper, and offert* a? an encouragement to wholesome ihoiipfi* Bat may hot this object he niote effectual! j # compvsliehsively attained by jiaissing a geneitlK empowering, under certain feafoictioiis, reilkf alifffo W enjoy sifoilfi privileges ‘ Oof legal rate Of interest for rfroney 5 lished at a remote period, anti* is one higherthaniri some ofthe mo3t flourish^.,? . T Your Attention f i i a suitable reduetion inay ht 1 great benefit to fiid public. . ‘ . j The mercantile interests ore gceatly aggriw by .the law retativq to,juercharita arid' factoui agents as reco~!“‘ 1 ” - - - - 11 thiscountty/an ctsious. The parent case on this subject, wafii dowfr by Lord Chief Justice. Lee, JnT fiC j! may be found under the head of Patteraoiif Tash?in the second volume of Strsnge’s RepOrt Although the facts of tlie case do not appear, w the adjudication itself is exliibited in a cuspid# shape, y e t it-has becii implicitly aud serviiclf! doptcd; And it is now cpftsidered as settled to that if a factor pledges the goods of his prinoipaP person who lias advanced tooney upon therrPil ignorance ofhis being a factor, cannot holdjfo goods as a security for his advances: And aniil r'nle equally exceptionable has been cstablid namely, that the factor cannot bind his print, in cases in whion foe bona-fide pyfchaier can h*^ no means of diseovering the extent pfhis autW' ty, or the fact iT Ills not being a principal. T» law la different front that of France,* Hussia, At* tria, Spain, the Hanse-towns, Holland, and in?» ot almost all Europe, and ia.found to be so {\to cious in ft* operations to Great Britain, zlrajA* has passed the House of Commons, and y ahly become a law, conformable to foe \a * ’’ ' m 1 &\HAL STAINED'
